METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELLS BASED ON THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT: A REVIEW OF MODERN APPROACHES AND THEORETICAL LIMITS

Mirzayeva Umidakhon Murodjon qizi

Authors

Mirzayeva Umidakhon Murodjon qizi Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Andijan State Technical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan

Keywords:

photoelectric effect; solar cell; photovoltaic efficiency; Shockley–Queisser limit; perovskite; tandem solar cell; surface passivation; recombination losses; renewable energy; bandgap engineering.

Abstract

This study aims to systematically analyze the physical foundations of the photoelectric effect and to evaluate modern methods for enhancing solar cell efficiency, with particular attention to recent advances in tandem architectures, perovskite materials, and surface engineering. The research is based on a comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature published between 2014 and 2024, indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore databases. The analysis reveals that perovskite–silicon tandem cells have achieved certified efficiencies of 33.9% in 2024, while concentrator multijunction devices have surpassed 47.6%. Surface passivation techniques reduce recombination losses by up to 60%, and anti-reflective nanostructures decrease optical losses below 2%.

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