MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES AT THE TISSUE AND CELLULAR LEVELS

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of tissue- and cellular-level alterations observed in the development of type I and type II diabetes mellitus (DM), along with their pathomorphological basis and underlying mechanisms. Morphological damage resulting from microcirculatory disorders, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis is described based on scientific literature. Typical diabetic alterations in various organs — including the kidneys, liver, heart, blood vessels, nervous tissue, and retina — are thoroughly examined. Histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical research methods were used to analyze existing data, and key markers important for evaluating structural consequences of diabetes are presented. The article aims to deepen understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of diabetes and to morphologically explain the pathogenesis of its clinical complications.