SIMPLE WORD COMBINATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION OF PERSONAL UNIONS OF ADVERBS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Rakhmonova Zamira Salakhiddinovna

Authors

Rakhmonova Zamira Salakhiddinovna Teacher of school № 90 in the Urghut district of the Samarkand region

Keywords:

adverbial series of words, simple vocabulary, private conjunctions, vocabulary syntax, Uzbek language, grammatical relations, semantic analysis, and linguistic research.

Abstract

This article will provide a linguistic analysis of the features of the private conjugation of adverbs in the Uzbek language, in particular, simple word combinations formed with the participation of its special conjugations. Based on the materials of the Uzbek literary language and oral speech, the article highlights the structural models, types, syntactic functions in a sentence, as well as the possibilities of semantic expression. The ability of the word-forming series to conjugate and its place in the syntactic system of the Uzbek language are also scientifically substantiated. The results of this research are important for a deeper understanding and teaching of the grammar of the Uzbek language.

References

Rakhmonova Zamira Salakhiddinovna

Teacher of school № 90 in the Urghut district of the Samarkand region

zamiraraxmonovaa@gmail.com

SIMPLE WORD COMBINATIONS WITH PARTICIPATION OF PERSONAL UNIONS OF ADVERBS IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

Abstract

This article will provide a linguistic analysis of the features of the private conjugation of adverbs in the Uzbek language, in particular, simple word combinations formed with the participation of its special conjugations. Based on the materials of the Uzbek literary language and oral speech, the article highlights the structural models, types, syntactic functions in a sentence, as well as the possibilities of semantic expression. The ability of the word-forming series to conjugate and its place in the syntactic system of the Uzbek language are also scientifically substantiated. The results of this research are important for a deeper understanding and teaching of the grammar of the Uzbek language.

Keywords: adverbial series of words, simple vocabulary, private conjunctions, vocabulary syntax, Uzbek language, grammatical relations, semantic analysis, and linguistic research.

Рахмонова Замира Салахиддиновна

Учитель школы № 90 Ургутского района Самаркандской области

zamiraraxmonovaa@gmail.com

ПРОСТЫЕ СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ С УЧАСТИЕМ ЛИЧНЫХ СОЮЗОВ НАРЕЧИЙ В УЗБЕКСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Аннотация

В данной статье будет проведен лингвистический анализ особенностей частного спряжения наречий в узбекском языке, в частности простых словосочетаний, образующихся при участии его специальных спряжений. В статье на основе материалов узбекского литературного языка и устной речи освещены структурные модели, типы, синтаксические функции в предложении, а также возможности смыслового выражения. Научно обоснована также способность словообразовательного ряда к спряжению и его место в синтаксической системе узбекского языка. Результаты исследования важны для более глубокого изучения и преподавания грамматики узбекского языка.

Ключевые слова: наречный ряд слов, простой словарный запас, частные союзы, синтаксис словарного запаса, узбекский язык, грамматические отношения, семантический анализ, лингвистическое исследование.

Rahmonova Zamira Salohiddinovna

Samarqand viloyati Urgut tumani 90-maktab oʻqituvchisi

zamiraraxmonovaa@gmail.com

O‘ZBEK TILIDA RAVISH SO‘Z TURKUMI XUSUSIY BIRIKUVCHILARI ISHTIROKIDAGI SODDA SO‘Z BIRIKMALARI

Annotatsiya

Ushbu maqolada o‘zbek tilida ravish so‘z turkumining xususiy birikuv xususiyatlari, xususan, uning maxsus birikuvchilari ishtirokida hosil bo‘ladigan sodda so‘z birikmalari lingvistik tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada o‘zbek adabiy tili va og‘zaki nutq materiallari asosida sodda ravishli so‘z birikmalarining tuzilish modellari, turlari, gapdagi sintaktik funksiyalari hamda ma’no ifodalash imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ravish so‘z turkumining birikuv qobiliyati va uning o‘zbek tili sintaktik tizimidagi o‘rni ilmiy jihatdan asoslab berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari o‘zbek tili grammatikasini chuqurroq o‘rganish va o‘qitishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Kalit so‘zlar: ravish so‘z turkumi, sodda so‘z birikmasi, xususiy birikuvchilar, so‘z birikmasi sintaksisi, o‘zbek tili, grammatik munosabatlar, semantik tahlil, lingvistik tadqiqot.

In the framework of substantive linguistics, word combinations are primarily evaluated as speech phenomena. At the same time, the patterns that generate them are of a purely linguistic nature and constitute a structural and systemic component of the language system. From the perspective of viewing language and speech as a unified system, the process of speech formation through the interaction of linguistic units with non-linguistic (extralinguistic) means has long attracted the scientific interest of specialists. In this regard, word combinations occupy a special place. In the Uzbek language, word combinations and the factors governing their mutual combination (semantic compatibility, syntactic linkage, and communicative purpose) play a crucial role in shaping sentences, which serve as the primary means of expressing thought. In the speech realization of word combination patterns, not only the internal linguistic resources of the language but also the communicative situation, the speaker’s intention, the addressee’s receptive capacity, and other extralinguistic factors play a decisive role. In recent years, there has been a noticeable strengthening of practical effectiveness and functional approaches in the study of linguistic units of the Uzbek language. This tendency applies directly to the investigation of word combination patterns and their realization in speech.

This is because the complete and precise manifestation of the thought expressed in a given sentence, the correct reception of the speaker’s intention by the addressee, and, in general, the communicative effectiveness of sentence construction depend on the purposeful selection and placement of the word combination. For this reason, the problem of word combinations in Uzbek linguistics has been extensively and comprehensively researched in various scientific aspects – within traditional syntax, semantics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and modern functional approaches. In traditional linguistics, word combinations have been studied primarily as speech phenomena[1,2,3]. In substantive linguistics, however, their linguistic patterns, mechanisms of formation, and speech realization have been subjected to specialized and in-depth analysis[4,5,6]. Overall, the formation of word combinations is a complex phenomenon directly linked to the thinking, cognitive processes, and cultural-linguistic experience of language speakers. In fact, traditional and systemic approaches to the study of word combinations are not constrained by any temporal boundaries. The fact that linguists examine word combinations in parallel both as units of the linguistic level and as units of the speech level substantiates this perspective[5,6,7].

From the standpoint of substantive linguistics, a specific word combination exists directly in reality – that is, in the speech act – and manifests itself as a concrete, material, and linear sequence that can be perceived visually and auditorily. However, the patterns (models) that generate it are entirely devoid of materiality; they exist in the language system as abstract and ideal possibilities. These patterns are formed on the basis of the language’s internal regularities – its valency, syntagmatic relations, and semantic selection constraints – and are actualized in the process of speech realization. The mechanisms underlying the formation of collocations with restricted combinability are natural and clearly perceptible to language speakers, since their syntagmatic linkage is automatically activated in the mind, rendering the process cognitively economical and habitual. One of the units forming the word combination points to the other, and through their mutual semantic adaptation, valency, and contextual requirements, they produce a holistic, complex meaning. For example, the adverb birrov frequently combines with the verbs kelmoq and kirmoq, which vividly illustrates the language’s internal valency, the laws of habituality, and lexical-semantic constraints. Consequently, such collocations with restricted combinability not only enrich the lexical stock of the language but also become a significant element that determines the specific ordering of the speech process, its communicative effectiveness, and systemic stability.

Within the framework of substantive linguistics, the word class to which a given word belongs assumes considerable importance in the process of word combination formation. The verb class, in particular, tends to combine with nouns and adverbs, whereas the noun class unites around itself such classes as numerals, adjectives, and pronouns. The combination of an adverb with an adjective, or an adjective with a verb, possesses a relatively more complex character, requiring mutual semantic adaptation, valency, and lexical-semantic constraints. At the same time, the lexemes participating in the combination must be compatible in terms of their dictionary meanings (except in cases of figurative usage). This situation arises from the language’s internal regularities – its valency, syntagmatic relations, and selection constraints – thereby ensuring the natural, normative, and communicatively effective formation of the combination. The adverb class is morphologically invariable; it does not alter its form according to number, case, or other grammatical categories. Adverbs are distinguished by their capacity to indicate the manner, degree, time, place, purpose, or cause of an action and therefore play a primary role in combining with verbs. For instance, in combinations such as barvaqt uyg‘onmoq and chambarchas bog‘lanmoq, the adverb clarifies the quality of the action and serves to concretize the meaning of the entire combination. The morphological invariability of the adverb renders it a stable and independent element in combination formation, simplifies syntactic linkage, and eliminates the need for additional case or agreement markers. Consequently, collocations with restricted combinability are formed more frequently with the participation of the adverb class. In particular, combinations following the [adverb + noun] pattern are regarded as normative and habitual in Uzbek. The fact that the majority of lexemes denoting action possess their own specific combinability is also explained by this property. Although the aforementioned lexeme barvaqt may appear capable of combining with any verb performed earlier than the customary time, in Uzbek texts it most frequently combines with the verb uyg‘onmoq. This phenomenon is accounted for by the distinctive morphological stability and lexical-semantic properties of the adverb class. It is pertinent to cite the following observation by the linguist V.V. Vinogradov concerning the differentiation of the adverb class from other independent word classes: “The adverb creates the impression of a class composed of units that do not belong to any of the independent parts of speech”[8]. Naturally, the scholar’s remarks pertain directly to the status of the adverb class in Russian. Nevertheless, this view retains a degree of relevance for the adverb class in Uzbek as well. Such specificity ensures that the adverb class stands out in word combinations through its morphological stability and its function of specifying the sign of a particular action, while also contributing to the formation of stable syntagmatic relations within the language system.

Within the framework of substantive linguistics, the presence of combinatory factors in simple word combinations, along with their classification into positional, semantic, and formal types, has been specifically noted in research on word combinations[4]. The semantic factor here refers to the mutual semantic compatibility of the head and dependent words. In any combination, proportionality of the semantic factor is an indispensable condition, since semantically incompatible units cannot form a combination. Therefore, collocations with restricted combinability of the [adverb + verb] pattern must likewise be semantically compatible. Semantic incompatibility may be observed in the connotative loading of the members forming the combination or of one of them. Even in combinations in which the members, or one of them, are used in a figurative sense, the semantic factor does not recede to a secondary position. For example, in the collocation with restricted combinability o‘ynab-kulib yurmoq, the figurative use of the adverb did not impede the formation of the combination. “The semantic factor cannot recede to the last place among the members of word combinations. Because the primary requirement for word combinations is the semantic compatibility of the members”[9:29]. In the cited quotation, the semantic factor encompasses the dictionary meanings of the parts of the combination, the word classes to which they belong, and similar considerations. When one word combines with another to form a word combination, not only the word class membership but also the dictionary meanings of the units are of considerable importance.

The formal factor likewise occupies an important place in the formation of word combinations. In this connection, the morphological shaping of the units that constitute the combination is of great significance. In Uzbek, morphological forms constitute one of the principal means of indicating whether lexical units within a combination occupy a head or dependent position. For instance, possessive and person-number forms shape the head member, while case endings and postpositions play a key role in realizing the dependent member. In combinations formed from morphologically shaped units, the importance of the positional factor diminishes considerably; consequently, the position of such units within the word combination ceases to be decisive. However, in collocations with restricted combinability involving adverbs, morphological means are frequently not employed. In combinations generated by the [adverb + verb] pattern, the linear positioning of the lexical units indicates whether they occupy a head or dependent position. In other words, within [adverb + verb] collocations, the positional factor is strengthened and becomes the principal factor generating the combination. This, in turn, relegates the formal factor to a secondary position. As a result, in Uzbek collocations with restricted combinability involving adverbs, syntactic relations are expressed primarily through linear order (position), a phenomenon that manifests itself in close connection with the agglutinative properties of the language.

In recent years, within the study of word combinability in Uzbek linguistics, the issue of collocations with restricted combinability has begun to receive particular attention. Such combinations are distinguished by their progressively stabilizing character. In foreign linguistics, by contrast, collocations with restricted combinability are being actively and comprehensively investigated[10,11,12,13,14,15]. They occupy an intermediate position in linguistics between idioms, compound words, and ordinary word combinations. All these units share both common and distinctive features, the principal similarity being that the number of words forming the combination is one or more. Unlike idioms, collocations with restricted combinability do not require the meaning to be fully figurative (idiomatic); however, they exhibit a considerably more stable and habitual combinability than ordinary word combinations. This property renders them one of the most effective instruments for foreign language learners in developing natural speech. The study of collocations with restricted combinability not only expands vocabulary but also provides the opportunity to correctly apprehend the language’s internal regularities – its valency, selection constraints, and syntagmatic relations. Consequently, in the process of foreign language acquisition, such units assume great importance in achieving communicative fluency, ensuring naturalness in interaction, and reducing lexical-semantic errors. Their stabilizing combinability assists learners in mastering the language’s specific collocational norms and fosters automaticity in speech activity. For this reason, the investigation and teaching of collocations with restricted combinability should be regarded as one of the urgent directions in modern language education and applied linguistics.

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