EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC TISSUE INJURY AND REGENERATIVE CARDIOLOGY: STEM CELL-BASED RESTORATION STRATEGIES

Hasanboyeva Sevinchoy Jahongir qizi; Djalilova Z.O.

Authors

Hasanboyeva Sevinchoy Jahongir qizi Asia International University Faculty of Medicine, Treatment Department Student
Djalilova Z.O. Acting Professor, Department of Fundamental Medicine

Keywords:

regenerative cardiology, stem cell therapy, myocardial infarction, early diagnosis, cardiac troponin, mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, heart failure

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases continue to represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Myocardial infarction results in irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes that conventional therapeutic approaches are unable to fully restore, given that the adult human heart lacks meaningful self-renewal capacity. This article reviews the diagnostic value of contemporary biomarkers used in the early detection of cardiac tissue injury — including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and the emerging next-generation biomarker cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyC) — alongside a scientific analysis of regenerative cardiology strategies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Conclusions were drawn from clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2024, sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Findings indicate that cTnI and cMyC enable detection of cardiac injury at very early stages — even before clinical symptoms become apparent. Clinical trials confirmed that stem cell-based therapy holds significant potential for improving left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and reducing infarct size. Nevertheless, barriers to clinical translation — including the absence of standardized protocols, ethical constraints, and limited follow-up durations — remain unresolved challenges.

References

Akyuz B. (2025). Cardiac Myosin-Binding Protein C (cMyC) as a Novel Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction: A Brief Review. Cureus, 17. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.94729

Cacciapuoti M., Johnson B., Kapadia A., Powell S., Gallicano G. (2020). The Role of Neuregulin and Stem Cells as Therapy Post-Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cells and Development, 31(9). DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0099

Chaulin A.M. (2022). The Importance of Cardiac Troponin Metabolism in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2022:6454467. DOI: 10.1155/2022/6454467

Duque-Ossa L.C., García-Ferrera B., Reyes-Retana J.A. (2023). Troponin I as a Biomarker for Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Current Problems in Cardiology, 48(5):101067. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101067

Kobayashi H., Tohyama S., Kuwahara K., Fukuda K., Shiba Y. (2024). Cardiac spheroids derived from HiPSCs for regenerative heart therapy in primate model. Circulation, 2024. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA

Lei et al. (2025). Mesenchymal and Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Cardiac Regeneration: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions. Biotechnology Journal, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/biot.70152

Romashova D., Madatov N., Yakovitskaya O. (2023). Heart Transplantation in Secondary Dilated Cardiomyopathy Due to Myocarditis: Case Report. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention, 22(7S):3621.

Sano T. et al. (2020). Stem Cell Therapy in Heart Disease: Limitations and Future Possibilities. Acta Medica Okayama, 74(3):185–190.

Sugiura T., Shahannaz D.C., Ferrell B.E. (2024). Current Status of Cardiac Regenerative Therapy Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(11):5772. DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115772

Ullah R., Khan M., Huang Y., Wang G. (2025). Rapid diagnosis of different cardiovascular disease events from early released cardiac biomarkers, cTnI, BNP, and CRP, by biosensor technology. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1600695

Yamanaka S. (2020). Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapy — Promise and Challenges. Cell Stem Cell, 27(4):523–531.

Zakrzewski W. et al. (2019). Stem cells: past, present, and future. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 10(1):68.

Chaudhari U. et al. (2023). Genome-wide profiling of miRNA-gene regulatory networks in mouse postnatal heart development. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 10:1148618.

Guo S. et al. (2020). Isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from multiple adult tissue sources. Stem Cell Research, 2020.

Kabat M. et al. (2020). Mesenchymal stem cells in clinical trials for cardiac repair. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 16(3):559–572.