ETIOLOGY OF GINGIVAL BLEEDING

Abstract

Bleeding gums, also known as gingival bleeding, is one of the most common oral health issues worldwide. It often indicates underlying problems in oral hygiene, periodontal health, or systemic conditions. Gingival bleeding can occur spontaneously or during routine activities such as brushing, flossing, or eating hard foods. While occasional minor bleeding may not be alarming, frequent or severe bleeding is usually a sign of gum disease, vitamin deficiencies, or other medical conditions that require attention.

The primary cause of bleeding gums is poor oral hygiene. Accumulation of dental plaque and tartar along the gum line causes inflammation, known as gingivitis, which weakens the blood vessels in the gums and leads to bleeding. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that affects the supporting structures of the teeth and can result in tooth loss.

Nutritional deficiencies, especially a lack of vitamin C or vitamin K, also contribute to gingival bleeding. Vitamin C is crucial for collagen synthesis and tissue repair, while vitamin K plays an essential role in blood clotting. Inadequate intake of these vitamins can make the gums more susceptible to injury and spontaneous bleeding.

Other contributing factors include hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy or puberty), certain medications (anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs), systemic diseases (like diabetes, leukemia, or liver disorders), and tobacco use. Stress and genetic predisposition may also influence gum health and susceptibility to bleeding.

Regular dental check-ups, proper oral hygiene practices, and balanced nutrition are critical preventive measures. Brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily, using antiseptic mouth rinses, and professional cleaning help maintain healthy gums and prevent bleeding. Additionally, identifying and managing systemic health conditions can significantly reduce the risk of gingival bleeding.

In conclusion, bleeding gums is a multifactorial condition that reflects both local oral health issues and systemic health status. Awareness of its causes, early detection, and appropriate preventive and therapeutic interventions are essential for maintaining oral and overall health. Dental professionals play a key role in educating patients about proper oral care, detecting early signs of gum disease, and providing necessary treatment to prevent complications.