THE EFFECT OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED PRODUCTS ON THE ORGANISM

Abstract

 Sex chromosomes are fundamental genetic structures that regulate sex-specific inheritance and differentiation in organisms. The X and Y chromosomes differ significantly in size, gene content, and function, which results in distinct patterns of inheritance for sex-linked traits and disorders. X-linked traits, often recessive, are more frequently expressed in males, whereas Y-linked traits are transmitted exclusively from father to son. Mechanisms such as X-chromosome inactivation and dosage compensation ensure balanced gene expression between sexes. Genetic compatibility further influences the stability and health of offspring, while population-level inheritance of sex-linked traits affects genetic diversity and evolutionary processes. Understanding sex chromosome–linked inheritance is crucial for medical genetics, enabling early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and preventive strategies for hereditary diseases.