LITERATURE REVIEW: RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE WITH REDUCED EJECTION FRACTION (HFREF)

Abstract

Epidemiology and Burden of Disease. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), defined by a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%, is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by structural and functional cardiac impairment leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and congestion. In the United States, the prevalence has risen to 6.2 million adults (2.4% of the population), with projections estimating 8.5 million cases by 2030 due to aging demographics and improved survival from acute coronary syndromes (1,2). Globally, HFrEF contributes to 64.3 million heart failure cases, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries where 80% of deaths occur (3).