THE ANALYSES ON THE HISTORY OF METALLURGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE TASHKENT OASIS

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical development of metallurgy and metalworking in the Tashkent oasis based on archaeological, historical, and material evidence. The study examines metal artifacts and production traces dating from the Bronze Age through the early and high medieval periods, including tools, weapons, jewelry, ritual objects, smelting remains, molds, ore–processing residues, and workshop structures. Archaeological findings from major sites such as the Chirchiq and Ohangaron valleys, Shoshtepa, Binkat, and Tunkat demonstrate the deep–rooted traditions of metal production, the evolution of technological processes, the emergence of specialized craft centers, and the formation of local metalworking schools within the oasis.

The article also explores the influence of the Andronovo cultural sphere on the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, the subsequent expansion of iron production, and the flourishing of mining and smelting activities in the Ilak region during the medieval period. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of metallurgy in regional economic and cultural networks, illustrating how metal goods facilitated long–distance trade, interregional interactions, and socio–economic integration. The analysis reveals that metal artifacts served not only military and utilitarian functions but also played significant ceremonial, symbolic, and status–related roles in the material culture of the Tashkent oasis. The findings contribute to a clearer understanding of the continuity of metallurgical traditions, technological innovation dynamics, and the historical significance of the oasis as an important craft and industrial center in Central Asia.