MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY: PRINCIPLES, TECHNIQUES, AND CLINICAL ADVANTAGES

Abstract

Minimal invasive surgery (MIS) has revolutionized modern surgical practice by reducing trauma, accelerating recovery, and improving patient outcomes compared to traditional open surgery. Techniques such as laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, robotic-assisted surgery, and endoscopic procedures have become standard in managing gastrointestinal, gynecological, urological, cardiovascular, and orthopedic conditions. The fundamental advantages of MIS include smaller incisions, reduced intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative pain, lower risk of wound infection, shorter hospital stays, and faster return to normal activities. Additionally, cosmetic benefits and improved patient satisfaction contribute to its growing acceptance. Technological advances, including high-definition imaging, 3D visualization, and robotic platforms, have further expanded the capabilities of MIS, allowing complex procedures to be performed with precision and safety. Despite its benefits, MIS presents challenges such as a steep learning curve, higher equipment costs, and limited availability in low-resource settings. However, long-term data demonstrate superior or equivalent outcomes compared to open surgery across most surgical specialties. This article reviews the evolution, principles, techniques, and advantages of minimal invasive surgery, discusses challenges and limitations, and highlights future directions, including the integration of artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and telesurgery in advancing minimally invasive approaches.