This is an outdated version published on 2025-10-28. Read the most recent version.

SKIN DYSCHROMIAS: CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Authors

Sydikov A.A., Iskra E.L. Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Keywords:

skin dyschromias; hyperpigmentation; hypopigmentation; immunohistochemistry; MART-1 (Melan-A); HMB-45; MITF; SOX-10; dermatoscopy

Abstract

Objective: To refine the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical profiles of major cutaneous dyschromias. Materials and Methods: One hundred clinical cases—30 persistent dyschromic erythema, 30 pigmented lichen planus, 40 idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation or post-inflammatory hypermelanosis—were compared with 60 peer-reviewed publications (2000–2025). Dermatoscopy, H&E and Fontana–Masson staining, and an immunohistochemical panel (MART-1, HMB-45, S-100, MITF, SOX-10) were used. Results: Hyperpigmented lesions exhibited strong MART-1 and moderate HMB-45 expression, whereas hypopigmented lesions showed an almost complete loss of MART-1/MITF-positive melanocytes (< 1 cell mm⁻¹) yet retained melanin-laden macrophages. MITF and SOX-10 most sensitively detected residual melanocytes, while HMB-45 reflected melanogenic activity. Conclusion: An extended immunohistochemical panel markedly improves diagnostic accuracy and provides a basis for personalised therapy in skin dyschromias.

References

Boyanova L. Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes): friend or foe? // Future Microbiology. – 2023. – Vol. 18. – P. 235–244. – DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0191.

Grimes P.E., Yamada N., Bhawan J. Light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations in patients with melasma // American Journal of Dermatopathology. – 2005. – Vol. 27, № 2. – P. 96–101. – DOI 10.1097/01.DAD.0000154419.18653.2E.

Kang W.H., Yoon K.H., Lee E.S. et al. Melasma: histopathological characteristics in 56 Korean patients // British Journal of Dermatology. – 2002. – Vol. 146, № 2. – P. 228–237. – DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-0963.2001.04556. x.

Khanna S., Verma P. Pathogenesis of melasma: recent insights and future perspectives // Dermatologic Therapy. – 2023. – Vol. 36, № 4. – P. e1587. – DOI: 10.1002/der2.178.

Kotekar S., Thappa D.M. Facial dyschromias: a review of clinical and dermoscopic features // CosmoDerma. – 2024. – Vol. 4. – Art. 130. – P. 1–13. – DOI 10.25259/CSDM_156_2024.

Kuźbicki Ł., Kaczorowski K., Ruta U. и др. The detectability of intraepidermal melanocytes: a narrative review of immunohistochemical studies // Journal of Cutaneous Pathology. – 2022. – Vol. 49, № 9. – P. 911–924. – DOI 10.1111/cup.14295.

Langley R.G.B., Burton E., Walsh N. et al. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of benign lentigines: comparison to conventional histology and in vivo characteristics of lentigo maligna // Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. – 2006. – Vol. 55, № 1. – P. 88–97. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.009.

Lau M., Moshiri A., Khalil S., Siegel L. A rare case of late-onset amyloidosis cutis dyschromica // JAAD Case Reports. – 2024. – Vol. 50. – P. 111–114. – DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2024.05.037.

McDowell A., McLaughlin J., Layton A.M. Is Cutibacterium acnes a potential pathogenic factor in progressive macular hypomelanosis? // Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. – 2021. – Vol. 35, № 2. – P. 338–344. – DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16789.

Niechciał-Gawłowska L., Szepietowska M., Nowicki G., Szepietowski J.C. Pityriasis versicolor: a narrative review on diagnosis and management // Life. – 2023. – Vol. 13, № 10. – Art. 2097. – DOI: 10.3390/life13102097.

Nonaka D., Chiriboga L., Rubin B.P. Sox10: a pan-schwannian and melanocytic marker // American Journal of Surgical Pathology. – 2008. – Vol. 32, № 9. – P. 1291–1298. – DOI 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181658c14.

Praetorius C., Sturm R.A., Steingrímsson E. Sun-induced freckling: ephelides and solar lentigines // Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. – 2014. – Vol. 27, № 3. – P. 339–350. – DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12232.

Saleem A., Narala S., Raghavan S.S. Immunohistochemistry in melanocytic lesions: updates with a practical review for pathologists // Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology. – 2022. – Vol. 39, № 4. – P. 239–247. – DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2021.12.003.

Shah F., Giri P.S., Bharti A.H. и др. Compromised melanocyte survival due to decreased suppression of tissue-resident memory T cells in generalized vitiligo // Experimental Dermatology. – 2023. – Vol. 32, № 12. – P. 1765–1776. – DOI: 10.1111/exd.14982.

Shenoy A., Madan R. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: a review of treatment strategies // Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. – 2020. – Vol. 19, № 8. – P. 763–768. – DOI: 10.36849/JDD.2020.4887.

Tirado‑Sánchez A., Ponce‑Olvera C., Bonifaz A. Recurrent pityriasis versicolor: a short review of clinical features and treatment options // Our Dermatology Online. – 2023. – Vol. 14, № 4. – P. 345–352. – DOI: 10.25122/od.2023.22.

Wang H., Zhong Z., Wang X. и др. Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica: dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and gene mutation analysis of a Chinese pedigree // Frontiers in Medicine. – 2021. – Vol. 8. – Art. 774266. – DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.774266.

Downloads

Published

2025-10-28

Versions

2025-10-29 (2)
2025-10-28 (1)

How to Cite

Sydikov A.A., Iskra E.L. (2025). SKIN DYSCHROMIAS: CLINICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS. Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 12(10), 595–600. Retrieved from https://eijmr.org/index.php/eijmr/article/view/3769