PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMORS: CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES, AND NEUROSURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Keywords:
Pediatric neurosurgery, brain tumors, medulloblastoma, glioma, diagnosis, surgical management, precision medicineAbstract
Pediatric brain tumors represent the most common solid tumors in children and are a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. Despite advances in imaging, molecular biology, and neurosurgical techniques, brain tumors in children remain a significant medical challenge due to their diverse histological subtypes, complex clinical presentations, and frequent localization in surgically delicate regions of the central nervous system. This article reviews current knowledge on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and neurosurgical management of pediatric brain tumors. Using a systematic literature review of studies published between 2015 and 2025, the most prevalent tumor types—medulloblastomas, gliomas, and ependymomas—are analyzed in terms of incidence, pathology, and treatment outcomes. The discussion highlights the integration of modern neuroimaging, intraoperative navigation, endoscopic approaches, and adjunctive therapies such as proton beam therapy and targeted molecular treatments. Finally, the article explores ongoing challenges including late diagnosis, recurrence, and postoperative complications, while considering future directions in precision medicine and artificial intelligence–assisted neurosurgery.
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