OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Abstract

Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant defenses, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Excessive ROS production leads to lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation, which collectively contribute to atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemic injury, and heart failure. This article reviews recent evidence on the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and its clinical implications. Findings reveal that while antioxidant therapies demonstrate partial success, their clinical translation remains limited, highlighting the need for more targeted interventions. Understanding oxidative stress within the framework of pathological physiology provides essential insights into prevention and treatment strategies for cardiovascular disease.