MODERN METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE AESTHETIC APPEARANCE AND SURFACE SMOOTHNESS OF PROSTHETIC CROWNS

Abstract

Modern prosthetic dentistry faces continually increasing patient demands for the aesthetics of dental restorations. Traditional full-cast metal crowns, while highly functional, absolutely do not meet modern aesthetic standards. Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) constructions, long considered a compromise, have several disadvantages: the risk of exposing the metal margin, insufficient translucency, and "graying" of the gingival tissues. In this context, the study and implementation of modern methods become highly relevant, including digital (CAD/CAM) fabrication, the use of metal-free materials (zirconia, lithium disilicate), and the application of Digital Smile Design (DSD). These technologies are aimed not only at improving optical properties (color, translucency) but also at achieving ideal surface harmony (microtexture, smoothness), which directly impacts biocompatibility and restoration longevity.