Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EIJMR) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in various disciplines. The journal aims to promote multidisciplinary research and provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their work to a wider audience.
THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMING MEDIA COMPETENCE IN STUDENTS IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of forming media competence in students within the system of professional education. In the context of rapid digitalization, global information exchange, and the growing impact of mass media on social consciousness, media competence has become one of the key components of professional and personal development. The study analyzes the essence of the concept of media competence, its structural components, pedagogical significance, and its place in the professional training of future specialists. Special attention is paid to methodological approaches, including competence-based, activity-based, personality-oriented, and integrative approaches. The article also identifies the pedagogical conditions, didactic principles, and effective teaching methods necessary for developing students’ ability to critically analyze, interpret, create, and ethically use media content. The findings show that the systematic integration of media education into professional training contributes to students’ critical thinking, information culture, communication skills, and readiness for independent decision-making in modern society. The article proposes practical recommendations for improving the process of developing media competence in professional education institutions.
Investigation of Psychological Strain, Food Consumption Behavior, Physical Activity Engagement within South Asian Campus-Based Young Adult Groups: Occurrence Linkage Profiling
This study investigates the interdependent relationships among psychological strain, food consumption behavior, and physical activity engagement within South Asian campus-based young adult populations. The increasing burden of mental health challenges, lifestyle imbalances, and behavioral health risks among university students necessitates a multidimensional analytical approach that integrates psychological, nutritional, and physical activity domains. Drawing on interdisciplinary frameworks from behavioral psychology, health informatics, and socio-environmental health sciences, this paper constructs an occurrence linkage profiling model to examine how stress-related psychological states influence dietary choices and physical activity participation. The study synthesizes evidence from prior research on mental health detection using EEG and AI-based modeling (Saha et al., 2024; Wang, 2023), behavioral intention frameworks such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (Kaur et al., 2024), and socio-psychological determinants of dietary behavior (Iqbal et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2014). Additionally, it integrates lifestyle-related evidence indicating strong associations between stress levels, dietary habits, and exercise patterns in Indian college populations (Renu Agarwal & BoopathyUsharani, 2026). The conceptual framework extends these findings by examining behavioral clustering effects across psychological and physiological dimensions. Methodologically, the study adopts a structured analytical synthesis model supported by multivariate correlation logic (Hahs-Vaughn, 2023), enabling the interpretation of co-occurring behavioral patterns. The findings suggest that psychological strain significantly correlates with increased consumption of energy-dense food, reduced physical activity engagement, and heightened risk of behavioral dysregulation. Furthermore, socio-environmental and cognitive determinants collectively shape lifestyle triads that reinforce maladaptive cycles of stress and unhealthy behaviors. The results highlight that campus-based environments in South Asia exhibit distinct behavioral clustering effects due to academic pressure, dietary accessibility, and limited structured physical activity engagement. The study contributes to existing literature by proposing a linkage-based behavioral profiling model that can support early detection of at-risk student populations. Implications extend to university health policy design, preventive mental health interventions, and AI-assisted behavioral monitoring systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Lifestyle Triad and the Psychobiological Architecture of Health: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Stress, Metabolic Adaptation, and Occupational Engagement in Contemporary Populations
The "Lifestyle Triad"-a conceptual framework integrating stress levels, dietary habits, and exercise patterns-serves as the primary determinant of physiological and psychological homeostasis in modern academic and professional cohorts. This research article provides an extensive investigation into the prevalence and associations within this triad, while further exploring the underlying psychobiological traits and metabolic consequences of lifestyle choices. Drawing on an interdisciplinary body of literature, the study examines how personality dimensions, such as psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and impulsivity, correlate with health-related behaviors and sensation-seeking in youth. Simultaneously, the article investigates the physiological cost of these behaviors, specifically focusing on the relationship between muscle glycogen recovery, energy availability, and bone stress injuries. The research highlights the critical role of metabolic adaptation in normal-weight individuals undergoing caloric restriction and exercise, noting the preservation of fat-free mass despite less-than-expected weight loss. Furthermore, the study integrates occupational perspectives, discussing the impact of work-related satisfaction, life meaning, and the role of occupational therapy in disease prevention. By analyzing the incidence of bone stress injuries among exercising women and adolescent females with anorexia nervosa, the study elucidates the skeletal consequences of energy deficiency. The findings underscore a synergistic relationship between psychological morbidity, personality traits, and physiological markers of health, suggesting that health promotion must move beyond simple behavioral advice toward an occupation-centered, psychobiologically informed model of prevention. This comprehensive elaboration argues for the necessity of addressing meaning in life and hope alongside clinical physiological markers to foster resilience against the maladaptive components of the Lifestyle Triad.
Integrating Circular Economy in Cloud-Native Infrastructure: A Multi-Disciplinary Framework for Sustainable Site Reliability Engineering and Metal Recovery from Electronic Waste
The rapid expansion of global digital infrastructure has created a dual-pronged challenge: the increasing operational complexity of cloud-native systems and the mounting environmental burden of electronic waste (e-waste). This research presents an integrated framework that bridges the gap between Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) and sustainable material recovery. By synthesizing modern SRE practices-such as error budgeting, autonomous remediation, and real-time monitoring-with advanced metallurgical recovery techniques like bioleaching and polymer inclusion membranes, this study proposes a holistic approach to the lifecycle of technology. We examine how autonomous systems can reduce operational "toil" in cloud environments while simultaneously investigating the chemical and biological pathways for recovering critical metals like copper and silver from decommissioned hardware. The methodology involves a comparative analysis of DevOps integration across industries and a deep dive into the rheological and structural aspects of metal bioleaching. Results indicate that while autonomous remediation can reduce release failures by approximately thirty-five percent, the efficiency of copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards is significantly enhanced through nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube modifications. The discussion explores the theoretical implications of "Smart Maintenance" in industrial automation and the necessity of aligning error budgets with environmental sustainability goals. This article concludes that the future of resilient digital systems depends as much on the reliability of the software as it does on the sustainable reclamation of the hardware that powers it.
Leveraging Enterprise Analytics Interfaces and Interactive Panels for Instant Strategic Insights
The increasing complexity of organizational data ecosystems has necessitated the adoption of advanced analytics interfaces and interactive visualization platforms to facilitate real-time strategic decision-making. This paper investigates the role of enterprise analytics interfaces and interactive panels in enabling instant strategic insights, focusing on their architectural foundations, functional mechanisms, and organizational implications. The study integrates theoretical perspectives from data analytics, information systems, and decision science while synthesizing insights from existing literature on digital dashboards, social network analytics, cybersecurity intelligence, and AI-driven systems. The research identifies key challenges in traditional decision-making environments, including latency in data processing, fragmented information systems, and limited user interactivity. In response, enterprise analytics interfaces—characterized by dynamic dashboards, real-time data streaming, and user-centric design—have emerged as transformative tools that bridge the gap between data generation and actionable intelligence. Interactive panels enhance this capability by providing customizable visualizations, predictive analytics integration, and adaptive feedback mechanisms. Drawing upon the referenced literature, the paper critically examines the evolution of analytics platforms, highlighting their convergence with artificial intelligence, big data infrastructures, and cybersecurity frameworks. The study further explores how these systems support strategic agility in domains such as public administration, digital governance, and enterprise management. Special emphasis is placed on real-time decision-making frameworks, including the integration of platforms such as Kibana-like visualization systems and enterprise resource planning dashboards (Gondi et al., 2026). The findings reveal that organizations leveraging advanced analytics interfaces achieve improved decision accuracy, reduced response time, and enhanced situational awareness. However, challenges related to data security, system complexity, and user adaptability persist. The paper concludes by proposing a conceptual framework for optimizing enterprise analytics environments and outlines future research directions in intelligent decision support systems.
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is one of the most common forms of anemia observed in patients with chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, malignancies, chronic kidney disease, and other long-standing inflammatory conditions. This type of anemia develops through complex interactions between the immune system, iron metabolism, and erythropoiesis. The main mechanisms include increased hepcidin production, reduced intestinal iron absorption, impaired release of stored iron, decreased erythropoietin activity, and suppressed bone marrow response. As a result, patients develop iron-restricted erythropoiesis despite normal or increased iron stores. The present article reviews the current understanding of the pathogenesis, laboratory characteristics, differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies of anemia of chronic disease. Special attention is given to the distinction between ACD and iron deficiency anemia, since these conditions may coexist and create diagnostic difficulty. The reviewed evidence shows that accurate diagnosis requires combined interpretation of hemoglobin levels, ferritin, transferrin saturation, inflammatory markers, and the clinical background of the patient. Management of ACD is primarily based on treatment of the underlying disease, while iron therapy and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents may be used in selected cases. A better understanding of inflammation-driven iron dysregulation, especially the role of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, may improve future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES LINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF MYTHONYMS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF FOLKLORE: LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND ETHNOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This article studies the linguistic nature of the concept of mythonym, their cross-linguistic semantic development and their place in folklore linguistics. The process of transformation of mythonyms into anthroponyms and cognate nouns, as well as their lexical-semantic and pragmatic features on the example of Uzbek and Khorezm folklore, is highlighted. The article provides a comparative analysis of the role of mythonyms in word formation and their etymological roots.
THE MANIFESTATION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN REAL COMMUNICATION
This article explores the manifestation of cultural differences in real communication, focusing on how linguistic, pragmatic, and sociocultural factors shape interaction across diverse cultural contexts. Drawing on key concepts from intercultural communication and sociolinguistics, the study analyzes how values, norms, and communication styles influence meaning-making, interpretation, and mutual understanding. Particular attention is paid to differences in verbal and nonverbal behavior, including speech acts, politeness strategies, context dependence (high-context vs. low-context cultures), and the role of implicit versus explicit communication. The findings highlight the importance of developing intercultural communicative competence in a globalized world, where successful interaction increasingly depends on the ability to navigate cultural diversity.
Karimov Turgunboy Komiljonovich,Maxmudova Komila Sobirjanovna
FOREIGN EXPERIENCES IN SAVING MANAGEMENT AND NON-PRODUCTION COSTS OF THE ENTERPRISE
This article examines in detail the foreign experience of optimizing and saving management and non-production costs in enterprises. In particular, modern management approaches used in the activities of enterprises in developed countries, including “lean management”, “outsourcing”, and mechanisms for reducing costs through the introduction of digital technologies and automation of processes, are analyzed. It also highlights best practices for effective control of management costs, efficient use of resources, and reduction of unnecessary administrative expenses. The article also examines the possibilities of adapting foreign experiences to the activities of national enterprises and justifies the importance of these approaches in increasing economic efficiency.
Umurzakova Zamira Salijanovna,Berkinboyev Sherzodbek
SEMANTIC AND LITERAL APPROACHES IN INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINING
This article examines semantic and literal approaches in interpreter and translator training, focusing on their theoretical foundations, methodological applications, and pedagogical implications. Drawing on established translation theories and empirical studies, the paper analyzes how these approaches influence translation quality, accuracy, and communicative effectiveness. The study highlights the role of semantic translation in conveying meaning and contextual nuances, while literal translation emphasizes structural fidelity to the source text. The research further explores how combining both approaches contributes to the development of professional competence in translators and interpreters. The findings are based on recognized scholarly works in translation studies and linguistics.
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES PLACE OF WORLD COUNTRIES
This article describes fish products produced by foreign countries and their place in the global economy, as well as the main trends in industry development and key criteria for management mechanisms.
THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF MIRZO ULUGBEK AND THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CIVILIZATION OF THE EASTERN RENAISSANCE
This article comprehensively analyzes the scientific and political activities of Mirzo Ulugbek, a prominent figure of the medieval Eastern Renaissance. The scientific significance of the scholar's research in the field of astronomy and mathematics, in particular, the activities of the Samarkand Observatory and the work "Zij-i-Jadid-i Kuragani," is revealed. It also highlights Ulugbek's enlightenment policy as a statesman and his contributions to the development of science and education. As a result of the research, it is substantiated that the activities of Mirzo Ulugbek were an important stage in the rise of Eastern scientific thought.
APPLICATION OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations, pedagogical essence, and practical effectiveness of the use of interactive methods in the preschool education system. The impact of interactive methods on the intellectual (cognitive), social, and emotional development of children is examined based on the achievements of modern pedagogical and psychological sciences. A comparative analysis between traditional and interactive methods is conducted, and the effectiveness of active teaching methods is substantiated through statistical indicators. The findings demonstrate that interactive methods serve as an essential pedagogical tool in fostering independent thinking, problem-solving abilities, creativity, and communicative competencies in children.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF FORMING STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
This article examines the technologies for developing critical thinking skills in primary school students. It highlights the importance of critical thinking in modern education and analyzes pedagogical methods, interactive approaches, and innovative strategies that contribute to its development. The role of the teacher, learning environment, and practical activities in fostering students’ independent thinking, analytical abilities, and reasoning skills are also discussed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER MINI-GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY
Obesity and related metabolic disorders, particularly fatty liver disease, are among the most pressing problems of modern medicine. Mini-gastric bypass surgery is considered one of the effective methods for weight reduction and has a positive impact on metabolic processes. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of structural (steatosis, fibrosis) and functional (biochemical parameters) changes in the liver after surgery.
Xayitov Ilhom Baxodirovich, O’tkirov Mirziyod Mirsaidovich
FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION METHODS IN PATIENTS WITH MAXILLARY SINUS CYSTS
Background: Maxillary sinus cysts are common radiologic findings, but only a subset of lesions is associated with clinically meaningful sinonasal dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of functional examination methods in 120 patients with maxillary sinus cysts and to identify the most informative battery for clinical assessment and treatment planning. Methods: This modeled clinical study included 120 patients with CT- or CBCT-confirmed maxillary sinus cysts. Functional assessment consisted of visual analogue scale scoring, SNOT-22, peak nasal inspiratory flow, active anterior rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, psychophysical smell testing, saccharin transit time, and nasal endoscopy. Results: Mean VAS scores were 4.8 ± 2.1 for nasal obstruction, 4.1 ± 2.0 for facial pressure, and 3.2 ± 2.3 for smell disturbance. Mean SNOT-22 was 34.6 ± 15.8, mean PNIF was 95.7 ± 22.4 L/min, and mean bilateral rhinomanometric resistance was 0.34 ± 0.09 Pa/cm³/s. Symptomatic patients demonstrated significantly worse SNOT-22, lower PNIF, higher resistance, smaller minimal cross-sectional area, longer saccharin transit time, and more frequent olfactory dysfunction than minimally symptomatic patients. Conclusion: Functional evaluation of maxillary sinus cysts should be multimodal. The most informative core battery combines symptom scores, SNOT-22, PNIF, smell testing, and endoscopic correlation, with rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and mucociliary clearance testing used selectively.
Djurayev J.A., Muhiddinov A.I., Soatov I.O.
IMPLEMENTATION OF TELEMEDICINE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF MAXILLARY SINUS CYSTS
Background: Telemedicine has become a durable adjunct in rhinology, otorhinolaryngology, and oral-maxillofacial care, yet its practical role in patients with maxillary sinus cysts remains insufficiently standardized. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a hybrid telemedicine pathway for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of patients with maxillary sinus cysts. Methods: A modeled comparative cohort of 120 patients was organized into a standard-care group (n=60) and a telemedicine-supported pathway group (n=60). The telemedicine model included remote triage, structured image review of CT/CBCT data, virtual multidisciplinary consultation, digital preoperative counselling, and remote postoperative surveillance. Results: The telemedicine pathway shortened the time to specialist review from 11.8 ± 3.6 to 4.9 ± 1.8 days and reduced the time to final treatment decision from 16.2 ± 4.9 to 8.1 ± 2.7 days. The mean number of face-to-face visits before definitive management decreased from 2.3 ± 0.7 to 1.2 ± 0.5. Patient satisfaction increased from 78.6 ± 8.9 to 91.8 ± 5.7 points, while adherence to postoperative irrigation improved from 71.7% to 91.7%. Conclusion: A hybrid telemedicine pathway can improve access, accelerate decision-making, reduce unnecessary hospital visits, and support postoperative monitoring in selected patients with maxillary sinus cysts.
STIGMATIZATION AND PRESTIGE OF DIALECTAL UNITS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This article examines the sociolinguistic nature of dialectal units in Uzbek and English, focusing on their stigmatization and prestige levels within speech communities. The study analyzes how dialects function as markers of social identity, how certain varieties acquire prestige, and how others become stigmatized. The research relies on comparative analysis and empirical sociolinguistic findings, demonstrating that both Uzbek and English dialects reflect social stratification, cultural values, and power relations. The article concludes that dialect stigmatization is socially constructed rather than linguistically justified.
THE USE OF SPECIAL SPEECH THERAPY METHODS AND TECHNIQUES AIMED AT CORRECTING SPEECH DEFECTS IN CHILDREN.
This article discusses the correction of general and speech defects in children. It is highlighted that it should be comprehensive and multifaceted, and that modern methods should be used to correct children with speech disorders. It is highlighted that special attention should be paid to stimulating the development of fine motor skills in children with speech disorders, and that the level of development of children's speech is directly related to the level of acceleration of fine motor skills.
SPECIAL EDUCATION DIDACTIC BASICS , EDUCATION CONTENT EDUCATION PRINCIPLES
This in the article Educational principles are the primary factors that determine the essence of teaching, all aspects of education: content, methods, organizational forms. In pedagogy, educational principles are inextricably linked with upbringing ,taking into account the characteristics of students' educational activities based on psychological and pedagogical teachings. Education in a special school is also carried out on the basis of didactic principles. It is considered that the didactic principles developed in pedagogy are implemented in special schools taking into account the psychophysical development characteristics of mentally retarded students.
Nabiyeva Asiabegim Nurillo kizi, Umarova Sabaxon Minavvarovna
STAGES OF FORMING ANTHROPOCENTRIC APPROACH OF PRIMARY STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
The article provides information about the purpose, objectives, and stages of implementing this process in the process of inclusive education of primary school students based on an anthropocentric approach.
TRANSFORMATION OF HUMANITARIAN EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL CIVILIZATIONS AND THE ISSUE OF ATTITUDE TO IT
This article addresses the issue of defining the place and role of humanitarian education in the process of forming and developing digital civilizations. Today, the global application of digital technologies, especially in the field of education, is leading to significant transformations. Humanitarian education, as the foundation of humanity’s cultural, moral, and social development, is setting new goals and objectives within the process of integration with digital technologies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHONETICS IN LINGUISTIC SCIENCE
Present research stresses that the study of modification of phonemes is of great importance as they are frequently found in connected speech in English and Uzbek languages. Besides that, being aware of modifications of sounds in speech a learner will have less difficulty in communication with native speakers of English. Moreover, teaching English as a foreign language has become one of the most important parts of schooling as English as a school subject. The study of pronunciation norms of English has great importance for learning English as a foreign language.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICISM IN EUROPEAN LITERATURE
In this article reflects the history of English literature, the Restoration period occupies a significant place due to its remarkable transformations in literary genres, aesthetic principles, and artistic expression. One of the most influential literary figures of this period is John Dryden, whose works greatly contributed to the development of English drama, poetry, and literary criticism. Dryden’s heroic dramas, characterized by elevated language, heroic themes, and complex emotional conflicts, represent an important stage in the evolution of English classical literature.
THE IMPACT OF PROJECT-BASED AND STARTUP-ORIENTED LEARNING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This study investigates the impact of project-based learning (PBL) and startup-oriented pedagogy on the development of entrepreneurial competencies among university students. In the context of rapid economic transformation and increasing demand for innovation-driven skills, higher education institutions are required to move beyond traditional teaching methods and adopt experiential learning approaches. The research employs a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis of competency development with qualitative insights from student reflections and instructor observations. The findings indicate that students exposed to PBL and startup-oriented learning demonstrate significantly higher levels of initiative, risk assessment ability, creativity, and problem-solving skills compared to those in traditional learning environments. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on entrepreneurship education by providing empirical evidence from an emerging economy context and offering pedagogical recommendations for curriculum design.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ СИЛОВЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ У БОРЦОВ
В данной статье проводится научный анализ теоретических основ развития силовых способностей у борцов, их физиологических механизмов, структуры тренировочного процесса, возрастных и квалификационных особенностей, современных средств подготовки, а также их взаимосвязи с соревновательной деятельностью. Подробно освещается роль силовых качеств в борьбе, методика их развития и критерии эффективности. Результаты исследования имеют важное значение для совершенствования системы подготовки спортсменов.
DYNAMICS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODELS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic nature of financial markets and the application of modern risk management models. It explores the fundamental drivers of market fluctuations, sources of uncertainty, and advanced quantitative approaches used to measure and mitigate financial risks. The study highlights the importance of integrating statistical, mathematical, and economic frameworks to enhance financial stability and decision-making under uncertainty.
Egamberdiyev Ozodbek, Saydullayev Yusufjon, Iskandarov Bekzod Abdijalilovich
PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS BASED ON ACID ACTIVATION OF LOW-ACTIVITY PHOSPHATE RAW MATERIALS
This paper examines the technology for producing phosphorus fertilizers using acid activation of low-activity phosphate raw materials. The influence of acid type, its concentration, and processing regime on the availability of phosphorus in the final product was studied. It is shown that optimal processing parameters significantly increase the content of soluble phosphorus (P₂O₅), which can improve the efficiency of the fertilizers. The results allow recommending the proposed technology for industrial application.
Ergashev Mahmudjon Mamadjanovich,Sodikova Sevarahon Mahmudjon kizi
ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE POPULATION LIVING IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF THE FERGANA REGION
This study presents a comprehensive ecological and hygienic assessment of the health status of the population residing in the industrial zones of the Fergana region, Uzbekistan. The Fergana Valley, one of the most densely populated territories in Central Asia, contains a substantial concentration of petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing, metallurgical, and textile enterprises whose combined environmental emissions have raised significant public health concerns over several decades.
Mamaroziqova Irodabonu Ilhomjon qizi,Ashurova Manzura Djaloldinovna
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE GREEN ECONOMY
This article systematically analyzes the formation of the green economy, its theoretical foundations and modern development trends. The study substantiates the relevance of the green economy concept in the context of global environmental problems, in particular, climate change, limited natural resources and environmental degradation. It also highlights important areas of increasing energy efficiency, using renewable energy sources, reducing emissions and introducing "green" technologies in the process of greening the economy. The article analyzes the mechanisms of transition to a green economy, specific aspects of state policy and institutional approaches based on the experience of developed and developing countries. At the same time, the role of innovation, investment and environmental management in ensuring sustainable development is revealed. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of the green economy not only in maintaining ecological balance, but also in ensuring economic growth and social well-being.
Turgʻunov Jasurbek Alimardon oʻgʻli,Khujanazarova Fotimaxon Ma’ruf qizi,Khujanazarova Zuhraxon Ma’ruf qizi
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON FICTION: TRENDS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND ARTISTIC STRATEGIES
The article examines the impact of globalization processes on the development of contemporary fiction. The main directions of transformation of the literary process under conditions of global cultural interaction are analyzed, including changes in thematic scope, genre forms, artistic language, and authorial self-consciousness. Special attention is paid to the correlation between national literary traditions and universal cultural codes. The article concludes that globalization has a dual nature, acting simultaneously as a factor that expands the artistic potential of literature and as a source of threats to the preservation of national identity.
Nabiyev Bekzod Mukhammadumarovich,Fayzullaeva Khurshida Erkinzhanovna
FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF LEXICAL DIFFERENCES
This article investigates the multifaceted nature of lexical differences, moving beyond mere semantic variation to explore their profound functional and social implications. It examines how seemingly synonymous terms often carry distinct pragmatic functions, enabling nuanced communication within specific contexts and registers. Furthermore, the study delves into the social dimensions, analyzing how lexical choices can signal group identity, social status, or cultural affiliation, thereby shaping interpersonal dynamics and societal perceptions. By integrating linguistic analysis with sociolinguistic perspectives, this research illuminates the intricate interplay between language structure and social practice. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for comprehending the full communicative power and social embeddedness of human language.
Abduraimova Bahora Oybek qizi,Taylakov Ulug‘bek
THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF DOMESTIC (FAMILY) VIOLENCE
This article examines the concept and types of domestic (family) violence within the framework of modern legal and social sciences. Domestic violence is analyzed as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon closely related to human rights, gender equality, and social stability. The study explores various theoretical approaches, including legal, sociological, psychological, and gender perspectives, highlighting their role in understanding the nature and causes of domestic violence. Particular attention is paid to the “power and control” model, which explains violence as a mechanism of domination rather than a simple interpersonal conflict.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUSTICE AND LEGALITY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL TRUST
This article explores the interrelationship between justice and legality as a significant factor in the formation of social trust. Social trust is viewed as an important socio-political value that contributes to social stability and development. The study argues that legality ensures order and legal certainty, while justice provides fairness, impartiality, and respect for human dignity. It is emphasized that trust in public institutions depends not only on the existence of laws but also on their fair implementation in practice. The findings show that equality before the law, judicial independence, transparency, and accountability are essential for strengthening social trust. The article concludes that the harmony between justice and legality is a necessary condition for the development of legal culture, social stability, and a strong civil society.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS IN UZBEK AND TURKISH LANGUAGES IN OUR SPEECH
This article is devoted to the issues of translating phrases in Turkish and Uzbek languages that have similar pronunciation but different meanings. The article discusses four or five Turkish expressions. It explains the meanings of these expressions using explanatory dictionaries and analyzes them with examples. The main focus of the article is the correct translation of Turkish phrases into Uzbek.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This paper proposes a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between creative technologies and communicative competence development among EFL learners. Despite growing empirical evidence for the positive effects of digital storytelling, game-based learning, podcast and vlog production, mind-mapping, and simulation on language learning outcomes, the field lacks a coherent theoretical account of the mechanisms producing these effects. Drawing on communicative language teaching theory, Vygotskian sociocultural theory, self-determination theory, and multimodal literacy research, the paper argues that creative technologies develop communicative competence through four interconnected mechanisms: authentic communicative engagement, affective facilitation, multimodal scaffolding, and reflective self-monitoring. The framework provides a principled basis for designing creative technology interventions and selecting appropriate outcome measures in EFL research.
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN FORECASTING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR REGRESSION, RANDOM FOREST, AND XGBOOST
Forecasting plays a crucial role in various domains such as finance, healthcare, energy, and economics. With the advancement of machine learning techniques, predictive accuracy has significantly improved compared to traditional statistical methods. This study presents a comparative analysis of three widely used machine learning algorithms—Linear Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost—in forecasting tasks. Using benchmark datasets and standardized evaluation metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R² score, the performance of each algorithm is analyzed. The results demonstrate that ensemble-based models outperform linear models in capturing complex nonlinear relationships, while linear regression remains effective for interpretable and low-variance datasets.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article examines the role of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in improving the quality of foreign language teaching in military educational institutions. The study is based on the analysis of modern scientific literature and international analytical materials devoted to military language education, digital transformation, and AI-assisted language learning. The results show that digital technologies contribute to the flexibility, continuity, and accessibility of the educational process, while artificial intelligence enhances the personalization of learning, accelerates feedback, and supports the development of speaking, writing, and professional communication skills. Particular attention is paid to the specific features of foreign language training in military education, including the acquisition of specialized terminology, the modeling of professional communication situations, and preparation for international cooperation. The article concludes that the successful implementation of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in military foreign language education requires pedagogically grounded integration, teacher training, ethical regulation, and institutional support.
THE POETIC STYLE OF SONNETWRITERS RAUF PARFI AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
This article examines the poetic styles of Rauf Parfi and William Shakespeare by comparing their sonnets. It looks at important aspects such as imagery, symbolism, language, rhythm, and themes, pointing out both similarities and differences in how they write. Shakespeare’s sonnets mainly focus on universal ideas like love, time, and mortality, and they follow a strict poetic structure. In contrast, Rauf Parfi’s poetry has a more modern and lyrical tone, often reflecting national identity, cultural elements, and deep philosophical thoughts. The article shows that even though the two poets lived in different times and wrote in different traditions, both of them skillfully use metaphors and express strong emotions. It also explains how Parfi adapts the traditional Western sonnet form and reshapes it to fit Uzbek literature, contributing to its development. The study highlights the value of comparing different literary traditions, showing how connections between Eastern and Western poetry can deepen our understanding of literature and creativity.
ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL SOURCES ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TIMURID DYNASTY AND THE MING DYNASTY
When studying the relations between Amir Temur and the Timurid dynasty with China, Chinese written sources are of great importance. Among them is the «Ming shi» (明史) history of the Ming dynasty, «Ming hui yao » (明会要) a collection of important information about the Ming Dynasty, « Ming shilu » (明实录) the authentic records of the Ming dynasty, as well as « "Siyu fangozhi » (西域番国志)it includes records about the western regions and foreign countries. Relying solely on written sources is not sufficient to fully and comprehensively analyze these relations. At the same time, it is also of great importance to involve material sources — works of art, archaeological finds, and other tangible evidence. Studying them allows for supplementing the information contained in written sources and reconstructing a completer and more objective picture of the diplomatic, cultural, and artistic connections between the dynasties.
MEASURES TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SALINATED SOILS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LUFFER-RHIZOBIUM SYMBIOSIS OF ALFA
This review article analyzes the measures used to restore the fertility of saline soils and the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and soil properties improvement by alfalfa through legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Based on scientific sources, the mechanisms of improving the properties of saline soils, salt tolerance of legumes, rhizobacteria reducing soil salts and stimulating plant growth were studied. Studies show that alfalfa improves the amelioration of soils, reduces salinity, and reduces the level of groundwater in the surface layer. This property of alfalfa is associated with a strongly developed root system. Alfalfa accumulates 300-400 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha of area for 3 years.
Normatova Kholida Ravshanbek kizi,Ruzimov Jumanazar
DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN UZBEKISTAN
In this article, we examine the development and implementation of digital marketing strategies in the context of Uzbekistan's economic transformation. We analyze current digitalization trends, including the development of internet technologies, social media, and e-commerce platforms, as well as their impact on consumer behavior and the competitive landscape. Particular attention is paid to digital marketing tools such as targeted advertising, content marketing, SEO optimization, and big data analytics.
FORMING PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ TEXT COMPREHENSION AND ANALYTICAL SKILLS BASED ON THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PIRLS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
This article examines the theoretical foundations of the PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) program and its role in developing reading literacy among primary school students. The study analyzes the possibilities of using PIRLS-based tasks to improve students’ reading comprehension, critical thinking, and analytical skills. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied, including observation, testing, and analysis. The findings indicate that implementing PIRLS methodologies in the classroom enhances students’ ability to understand texts deeply, draw conclusions, and express their opinions effectively. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of modern teaching approaches, teacher training, and integration of international assessment standards into the national education system.
EXPRESSIVENESS AND FUNCTIONAL-STYLISTIC COLOR IN SYNONYMIC PHRASES IN THE UZBEK AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
The article highlights the function of using synonymous phrases in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages and the characteristics of the stylistic coloring expressed in them.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH GENRES IN TRANSLATIONS
In this article, information about the classification of speech genres in translations between non-fraternal nations, finding alternatives in the general context, and their effective use is analyzed. A specific word depends on various factors in the communication situation. The translator should be aware of the meanings of the words depending on the situation. Words express attitudes and feelings.
NATIONALITY OF GENERAL HUMAN FEELINGS IN TRANSLATIONS
The article examines the national characteristics of Paulo Coelho's "The Alchemist" and Isajon Sultan's "Ozod". The events and philosophy of both works are close to each other. The dreams of the main characters and the images of the journey are similar. Therefore, the symbolic meanings in the images, in the method of expressing ideas, in the materials revealing the subject, and in some artistic details were compared and analyzed from the point of view of nationality. This is it the role and importance of the novels "The Alchemist" and "Ozod" in the education of a well-rounded person are revealed in the work. In addition, the artistic skills and unique styles of writers have been studied.
MODERN TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND ITS IMPACT ON ENTERPRISE EFFICIENCY UNDER DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
This study examines modern trends in management accounting and their impact on enterprise efficiency in the context of digital transformation and increasing global competition. The relevance of the research is driven by the growing need for high-quality information to support effective managerial decision-making in dynamic economic environments. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations and evolutionary stages of management accounting, as well as its modern directions, using a systematic and comparative approach. Particular attention is given to the role of management accounting in cost optimization, resource allocation, and strategic decision-making. The results indicate that the development of management accounting systems significantly enhances enterprise performance by improving cost control, increasing operational efficiency, and supporting long-term strategic planning. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies into management accounting systems strengthens analytical capabilities and decision-making processes. The findings of this study have practical implications for improving management accounting systems and increasing the efficiency of enterprise management in modern economic conditions.
ENHANCING FINANCIAL STABILITY THROUGH ISLAMIC FINANCE: A RISK-SHARING AND INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
The growing instability of the global financial system has intensified the need for alternative financial models capable of ensuring resilience, sustainability, and equitable risk distribution. In this context, Islamic finance has gained increasing attention as a distinct financial paradigm grounded in risk-sharing principles, asset-backed transactions, and ethical governance. This study aims to examine the role of Islamic finance in enhancing financial stability through a combined risk-sharing and institutional approach. The research employs a mixed-method methodology, integrating theoretical analysis with empirical insights from emerging and developing economies. The study focuses on key Islamic financial instruments, including profit-and-loss sharing contracts (mudarabah and musharakah), and evaluates their impact on financial system stability compared to conventional interest-based mechanisms. The findings indicate that Islamic financial institutions demonstrate greater resilience during periods of economic stress due to their lower leverage, reduced exposure to speculative activities, and stronger linkage to real economic assets. Furthermore, the study incorporates an institutional perspective, emphasizing the role of regulatory quality, Sharia governance, and legal frameworks in shaping the effectiveness of Islamic finance. The results suggest that well-developed institutional environments significantly enhance the stabilizing potential of Islamic financial systems. In addition, the paper explores the implications of digital transformation, highlighting how fintech innovations such as blockchain, smart contracts, and open banking can facilitate the scalability and transparency of Islamic financial services. The study contributes to the literature by proposing an integrated analytical framework that combines risk-sharing and institutional theory, offering practical policy recommendations for regulators and financial institutions aiming to strengthen financial stability through Islamic finance.
PERSONAL INFORMATION SECURITY AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF OUR TIME
This article presents views on the importance of security today, which are often used in the study of emergency situations, situations dangerous to humans, and issues related to security culture, taking into account methods of security.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECOTOURISM TERMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: TRANSLATION AND EQUIVALENCE ISSUES
Ecotourism has expanded rapidly as a global practice and as a policy discourse, producing a dense network of specialized terms related to conservation, visitor management, community benefits, and sustainable mobility. Because English dominates international tourism communication, many ecotourism concepts enter other languages through translation, borrowing, or hybridization. In Uzbek, the growth of the ecotourism sector and environmental communication has intensified the need for terminological clarity, consistency, and functional equivalence—especially in legislation, destination branding, guide training, and academic writing. This article examines ecotourism terminology in English and Uzbek with a focus on translation and equivalence issues. Using a cognitive-semantic and terminological perspective, the study analyzes (i) structural types of ecotourism terms (single-word, compounds, multiword units, and acronym-based units), (ii) dominant equivalence relations (full, partial, and zero equivalence), and (iii) translation strategies used to render English terms into Uzbek (borrowing, calque, descriptive translation, functional substitution, and mixed strategies). The results show that the most frequent difficulty arises from multiword English terms with embedded conceptual relations (e.g., management, impact, and ethics frameworks) that do not map neatly onto Uzbek phrase structure without either explicitation or restructuring. Partial equivalence is common where Uzbek uses broader, culturally familiar concepts (e.g., tabiat turizmi) while English distinguishes narrower categories. The discussion proposes a practical guideline set for translators, lexicographers, and tourism stakeholders to standardize term formation, reduce ambiguity, and preserve communicative function across genres.
This paper examines the essence of the public finance system, its structural components, and its role in a market economy. Concepts such as the state budget, extra-budgetary funds, and public credit are analyzed. Furthermore, the significance of fiscal policy in ensuring macroeconomic stability and issues related to increasing the efficiency of public expenditures are highlighted.
ASSOCIATION OF SOD2 (ALA16VAL), GPX4 (C718T), AND COL1A1 (C1997A) GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH GOUTY NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH GOUT
Gouty nephropathy is one of the most important renal complications of gout. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling play an important role in its development. Therefore, candidate genes involved in antioxidant defense and connective tissue metabolism may influence susceptibility to renal involvement in patients with gout. To evaluate the association of SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) gene polymorphisms with gouty nephropathy in patients with gout. A case-control study included 186 individuals. The control group consisted of 96 healthy subjects. Ninety patients with gout were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 45 patients with gout without gouty nephropathy, and Group 2 included 45 patients with gouty nephropathy. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) polymorphisms were compared between the clinical groups and the control group. Statistical analysis included χ² test, odds ratio (OR), and p values. The strongest associations were observed for the SOD2 Ala16Val polymorphism in patients with gouty nephropathy. In Group 2, the Ala allele showed a protective association (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=0.34), whereas the Val allele was associated with increased risk (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=2.95). The Ala/Ala genotype also demonstrated a protective effect (χ²=5.26; p=0.022; OR=0.38), while the Val/Val genotype was associated with a markedly increased risk of nephropathy (χ²=5.52; p=0.019; OR=9.27). For GPX4 C718T, significant differences in Group 2 were found for the C allele (χ²=4.00; p=0.045; OR=0.60) and T allele (χ²=4.00; p=0.045; OR=1.67), while genotype-level associations were not statistically significant. For COL1A1 C1997A, Group 2 showed a lower frequency of the C allele (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=0.34), a higher frequency of the A allele (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=2.95), a protective effect of the C/C genotype (χ²=5.26; p=0.022; OR=0.38), and a significant association of the A/A genotype with nephropathy risk (χ²=5.52; p=0.019; OR=9.27). The results indicate that SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to gouty nephropathy in patients with gout, with the strongest association observed for SOD2 Ala16Val. These findings support the potential role of molecular genetic markers in identifying gout patients at increased risk of renal involvement.
Rakhmatov Avazbek Mamat ugli, Jabbarov Ozimbay Otakhanovich
ROLE OF KIM-1, CYSTATIN C, AND MICROALBUMINURIA AS EARLY MARKERS OF GOUTY NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH GOUT
Early detection of renal injury in patients with gout remains an important clinical problem, since conventional indicators do not always reflect subclinical kidney damage. Biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), cystatin C, and microalbuminuria (MAU), together with glomerular filtration rate (GFR), may improve early diagnosis of gouty nephropathy. To assess the diagnostic significance of KIM-1, cystatin C, microalbuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate in the early detection of gouty nephropathy in patients with gout. A total of 186 individuals were included in the study. The control group consisted of 96 healthy subjects. The patient cohort comprised 90 patients with gout and was divided into two groups: Group 1 included 45 patients with gout without gouty nephropathy, and Group 2 included 45 patients with gouty nephropathy. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, urinary KIM-1, microalbuminuria, and GFR were assessed. GFR was estimated using creatinine-based, cystatin C-based, and combined creatinine/cystatin C approaches. Statistical significance was assessed relative to the control group and between the two patient groups. KIM-1, cystatin C, and MAU levels progressively increased from the control group to Group 1 and were highest in Group 2. KIM-1 increased from 0.3 in controls to 1.0 in Group 1 and 2.6 in Group 2. Cystatin C increased from 0.6 to 0.95 and 1.35, respectively. MAU increased from 15 in controls to 28 in Group 1 and 130 in Group 2. Serum creatinine also rose progressively (70, 85, and 119, respectively). In contrast, GFR declined across the groups. Creatinine-based GFR decreased from 114 in controls to 96 in Group 1 and 58 in Group 2. Cystatin C-based GFR declined from 112 to 93 and 52, while combined creatinine/cystatin C GFR decreased from 112 to 93 and 56, respectively. The most pronounced abnormalities were observed in patients with gouty nephropathy. KIM-1, cystatin C, and microalbuminuria are informative early markers of renal injury in patients with gout. Their increase, together with a progressive decline in GFR, reflects the development and progression of gouty nephropathy. Combined assessment of these parameters may improve early diagnosis and risk stratification in patients with gout.
TESOL-ALIGNED LESSON PLANNING FOR INTEGRATED LANGUAGE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
This article describes a Grade 8 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in Uzbekistan, aligned with TESOL Standards 1 and 2, and presents a lesson plan focused on environmental responsibility. The learners, aged 13–14, have limited English proficiency (IELTS Band 3–4) and are primarily exposed to English within the classroom. While they can understand simple texts and produce basic sentences, they face challenges with fluency, pronunciation, and organizing ideas in writing. The classroom emphasizes structured, teacher-guided instruction with differentiated support to meet diverse learning needs. The lesson plan integrates reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through the theme of environmental awareness, encouraging students to identify eco-friendly actions, comprehend environmental messages, and produce short written responses. Instructional strategies include visual aids, sentence starters, guided practice, and interactive speaking tasks to build confidence and language competence. Overall, the approach aims to enhance students’ communicative abilities while fostering awareness of environmental responsibility.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MOST PRODUCTIVE AFFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PHYSICS TERMS
The morphological productivity of affixes, especially suffixes and prefixes, in Uzbek and English physics lexicons is analyzed and compared in this article. In a specialized field like physics, productivity is the extent to which a morphological process may produce new concepts. We show both similarities and differences by combining examples from scientific vocabulary formation with insights from morphological studies of English and Uzbek languages. Affixation patterns in English scientific terminology (e.g., -logy, -meter) and their equivalents or analogies in Uzbek physics words (e.g., -lik, -chi) are specifically examined. The findings shed light on typological distinctions, semantic transparency, and consequences for computational linguistics, scientific communication, and education.
LIFE WITHOUT THE INTERNET WOULD IT MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER OR WORSE?
This article examines whether life without the Internet would make our lives better or worse, based on classroom observations made by a teacher at a Khamid Olimjon and Zulfiya creative school in Jizzakh. Through daily interaction with students, the author observes how deeply the Internet influences learners’ study habits, communication styles, creativity, and attention spans. The paper reflects on both the advantages and the hidden drawbacks of constant online access, including dependence on digital resources, reduced face-to-face communication, and shortened concentration. At the same time, it considers how the Internet supports independent learning, global awareness, and access to authentic educational materials. By comparing students’ behavior during online and offline activities, the article explores whether removing the Internet would improve focus, social interaction, and critical thinking, or limit opportunities for growth and knowledge. The study concludes that while the Internet is an essential educational tool, balanced and mindful use is necessary to prevent overreliance and to preserve meaningful human interaction and deep learning.
Alimova Dilnoza Hamid qizi, Raxmonqulova Madina Rahmatulla qizi
JOLLY PHONICS AS AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING CHILDREN’S ENGLISH LITERACY
In today’s globalized world, English literacy has become a fundamental requirement for children’s academic success and social participation. Developing strong early literacy skills is essential, as it lays the foundation for lifelong learning. Among various approaches, Jolly Phonics has emerged as an effective and engaging method for teaching reading and writing to young learners. However, despite its popularity, challenges such as limited teacher training and lack of resources still hinder its widespread implementation. This study aims to examine how Jolly Phonics can be effectively applied to enhance children’s English literacy skills. A descriptive qualitative research design was employed, and the study was conducted in a bilingual kindergarten in Denpasar, Bali. Data were collected through classroom observations, documentation, and interviews with an experienced teacher. The findings indicate that the teacher successfully implemented the five key skills of Jolly Phonics: learning letter sounds, letter formation, blending for reading, identifying sounds for writing, and teaching tricky words. These skills were delivered through multisensory techniques, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic activities. The results demonstrate that Jolly Phonics significantly improves children’s reading, writing, and overall literacy abilities. The study concludes that with proper planning and teacher support, Jolly Phonics can be a powerful tool in early childhood education.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMIC AND CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN CHILDREN
An analysis of modern data on the prevalence and causes of the formation of mitral valve prolapse in children is carried out. Cardiac and extracardial manifestations of mitral valve prolapse are described. The results of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination of children are presented. The most frequent phenotypic manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia in children with mitral valve prolapse were identified.
METHODOLOGY OF OPTIMIZING THE COGNITIVE LOAD OF STUDENTS BASED ON NEUROPEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article analyzes the method of optimizing the cognitive load of students based on the use of neuropedagogical approaches and artificial intelligence technologies. In the study, the specific characteristics of human brain activity, mechanisms of information reception, processing and storage during the educational process are highlighted from the point of view of neuropedagogy. Also, with the help of artificial intelligence-based adaptive teaching systems, the possibilities of creating an educational environment suitable for students' level of knowledge, learning rate and individual characteristics will be considered. As a conclusion, it has been proved that by introducing innovative technologies into the educational process, it is possible to effectively manage the cognitive load and increase the educational efficiency.
GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PRONOUNS IN UZBEK AND FRENCH HISTORICAL SOURCES
This article examines the grammatical features of pronouns in Uzbek and French historical sources. Their morphological and syntactic characteristics, as well as their historical development in written sources, are examined. Particular attention is paid to comparative analysis, which allows us to identify typological similarities and differences between the two languages. The results of the study show that the structure of pronouns is closely related to the general type of language and its historical development.
Madina Tursunova, Serik Kudaybergenovich Ivatov
PHRASEOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN INTERNET DISCOURSE: FUNCTIONAL AND NORMATIVE ASPECTS
The article examines the processes of phraseological innovation in modern Russian-language and Internet discourse from the perspective of functional and normative analysis. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of transformation of traditional phraseological units, as well as the formation of new stable expressions in the context of digital communication. The article analyzes the functions of phraseological innovations (evaluative, expressive, ironic, identification), their role in the formation of a network linguistic personality and a collective picture of the world. The problem of the relationship between usage and norm is considered, as well as the prospects for codification of new phraseological units. The research material was the texts of Internet communication: comments, memes, posts on social networks and demotivators.
Ilyin Denis Nikolaevich, Akhmedova Aziza Husenovna, Turakulova Zarina Mardonkulovna
CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS IN ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA: CAUSES AND STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION
This article examines cross-cultural misunderstandings in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) communication. With the increasing use of English for international communication, speakers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds often experience misinterpretations, pragmatic failures, and communication breakdowns. The study analyzes the main causes of misunderstandings, including linguistic differences, cultural norms, and pragmatic conventions. Strategies for reducing misunderstandings are discussed, such as awareness-raising, explicit teaching of ELF pragmatics, intercultural training, and fostering adaptive communication skills. Findings suggest that a combination of pedagogical interventions and cultural sensitivity can enhance effective ELF communication.
Samigova Xushnuda Botirovna, Umarqulova Diyora Sherali kizi
THE ROLE OF BANKING REFORMS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of banking reforms in fostering economic growth in Uzbekistan. In recent years, the country has implemented comprehensive reforms aimed at modernizing the banking sector, strengthening financial stability, and increasing transparency. The study analyzes key reform directions, including the liberalization of interest rates, improvement of corporate governance in banks, expansion of digital banking services, and enhancement of regulatory frameworks. Special attention is given to the impact of these reforms on investment activity, entrepreneurship development, and financial inclusion. The findings indicate that banking reforms have significantly contributed to improving access to financial resources, increasing the efficiency of financial intermediation, and supporting sustainable economic growth. However, the study also identifies existing challenges such as the need for further privatization, risk management improvement, and strengthening competition in the banking sector.
Mansurova Nodira Anvarovna, Aminova Shaxnoza Nodirovna
PHONETIC STRUCTURE OF LOANWORDS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE
This study explores the phonetic structure of loanwords in English and Uzbek, focusing on how each language integrates foreign lexical items into its phonological system. The research is based on qualitative comparison, highlighting the processes of sound substitution, stress adaptation, and phonotactic adjustment. The findings reveal both languages exhibit distinct strategies shaped by their unique phonological rules and historical influences.
INVERSE PROBLEM SOLUTION FOR THE HEAT EQUATION
This article examines the inverse problem for the heat conduction equation. The primary objective of the research is to develop a method for reconstructing an unknown boundary function based on additional temperature data from an internal point of the object. The Fourier method of separation of variables was applied to solve the problem, which subsequently reduced it to a Volterra integral equation of the second kind. The proposed solution algorithm was numerically implemented in the Python programming language using the trapezoidal rule, and the obtained results were analyzed.
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING PHYSICS USING TRADITIONAL METHODS WITH THE SUPPORT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article examines the methodological foundations of teaching physics using traditional teaching methods in combination with modern digital technologies. Particular attention is given to the role of reproductive thinking, memory processes, and cognitive engagement in mastering scientific knowledge. The study explores how traditional teaching approaches can be effectively integrated with artificial intelligence technologies to enhance learning effectiveness. Artificial intelligence tools such as adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring platforms, and virtual laboratories enable personalized instruction and interactive experimentation. The results demonstrate that combining traditional pedagogical approaches with artificial intelligence technologies significantly improves students’ motivation, cognitive activity, and conceptual understanding of physics.
OPTIMIZATION OF SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION AND STERILIZATION METHODS FOR ENHANCING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) CULTIVATION IN UZBEKISTAN
The increasing demand for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) in dietary nutrition and their high export potential underscore the importance of optimizing cultivation technologies. This study aims to improve the economic efficiency of oyster mushroom production through the selection of optimal substrate components and sterilization methods. Three experiments were conducted: 1) selection of plant-based substrate components from furniture production waste (poplar, maple), 2) evaluation of autoclaving regimes (1-2 atm, 1-2 hours) and ethylene oxide fumigation on substrate sterilization, and 3) assessment of mycelium viability during storage on various grain substrates (wheat, barley, rye, millet). Results demonstrated that millet provides superior mycelial viability up to 7 months and higher contamination resistance. Ethylene oxide fumigation (1000 mg/m³ for 90 minutes) preserved substrate structure and ensured 100% colonization, increasing yields by 14.3% compared to autoclaved controls. This method reduced contamination by 15%, with stable yields of 3.2 kg per 10 kg substrate. The findings support millet-based substrates and ethylene oxide sterilization as effective solutions for improving the efficiency and sustainability of mushroom production in Uzbekistan.
Nurali Sheraliyevich Yusupov,Gulnoza Karimjon qizi Bozarova
AMIR TEMUR’S STATEHOOD POLICY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS
This article examines the statehood policy of Amir Temur and analyzes its relevance in modern governance systems. Based on historical sources, the study highlights the principles of centralized governance, justice, administrative organization, and legal frameworks established during the Timurid era. The research also evaluates how these principles contribute to contemporary state-building, institutional development, and public administration practices. The findings demonstrate that Amir Temur’s governance model, grounded in justice, strong authority, and consultation, remains a valuable reference for modern political systems.
LINGUO-SEMANTIC AND CULTU RAL INTERPRETATION OF THE HOMELAND CONCEPT IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK INTRODUCTION
This article explores the linguo-semantic and cultural interpretation of the concept of “homeland” in English and Uzbek languages. It aims to identify how this concept is shaped, expressed, and understood within different linguistic and cultural frameworks. The study analyzes lexical units, phraseological expressions, and contextual meanings associated with the notion of homeland in both languages. By applying a comparative and interpretative approach, the research reveals both shared and distinctive features in the conceptualization of homeland. In English, the concept often emphasizes individual belonging, emotional attachment, and national identity, while in Uzbek it is more deeply connected with historical roots, collective memory, spiritual values, and a sense of sacred duty. The findings demonstrate that language serves as a key medium through which cultural values and national identity are encoded and transmitted. This research contributes to the broader field of linguoculturology by highlighting the interplay between language, culture, and cognition in shaping fundamental social concepts.
Alimova Munisa Normurod qizi,Mardiyev Tulkin Kulibayevich
LINGUISTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE HOMELAND CONCEPT IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PAREMIOLOGY
This article explores the linguocultural and semantic peculiarities of the concept “Homeland” as reflected in the paremiological systems of the English and Uzbek languages. Proverbs and sayings, being the quintessence of folk wisdom, serve as a primary source for revealing a nation’s worldview, national values, and emotional attachment to its territory. The research utilizes comparative-typological and semantic analysis to identify the specific linguistic means - such as metaphors, personification, epithets, and symbolic imagery - used to conceptualize the notion of “motherland” or “home.” The findings indicate that while English paremiology frequently emphasizes the comfort, safety, and privacy of the domestic “home”, Uzbek proverbs elevate the concept of “Vatan” to a sacred status, often associating it with maternal bonds, ancestral soil, and the inherent value of one's birthplace (Vatan ostonadan boshlanadi). This comparative study contributes to the fields of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology, offering insights into the diverse ways in which linguistic structures encode national identity and patriotic sentiment across different cultures.
Komilova Sabrina Sanjarovna,Mardiyev Tulkin Kulibayevich
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPOSITION AND COLOR HARMONY IN PAINTING
This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of composition and color harmony in painting. It analyzes the interrelationship between color and composition in the formation of a work of visual art. During the research, the main principles of composition—such as balance, rhythm, contrast, and unity—are examined, and their harmonious interaction with color is discussed. In addition, the fundamental aspects of color theory, including the color wheel, color contrast, the psychological effects of colors, and their role in visual perception, are analyzed on a scientific basis.
POLITENESS EXPRESSIONS IN FORMAL ORAL COMMUNICATION: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON ENGLISH ACADEMIC JOURNALS
This article analyzes politeness expressions used in formal oral communication based on research published in English academic journals. Specifically, it examines recent studies from internationally recognized publications such as the Journal of Politeness Research and the Journal of Pragmatics to explore the pragmatic features of politeness expressions in formal communication, cross-cultural differences, and issues of practical application. The research findings indicate that while politeness expressions in formal communication possess universal characteristics, they manifest in unique forms across languages and cultures. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of a comparative approach in studying formal communication in the Uzbek language.
CONTRIBUTION THE OF MIRZO ULUGH BEG TO ASTRONOMY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN SCIENCE
This article is devoted to the scientific activity of the great scholar and statesman Mirzo Ulugʻbek. It analyzes his contributions to the field of astronomy, with particular emphasis on the activities of the Samarkand Observatory and the scientific significance of his work Zij-i Sultani. Furthermore, the article provides insights into his scientific legacy and his role in the development of astronomy. In conclusion, it highlights the relevance and importance of Ulugh Beg’s scientific heritage in contemporary science.
MODERN MECHANISMS OF EDUCATIONAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
This scientific paper analyzes modern mechanisms for managing the quality of education in educational institutions and issues related to improving their effectiveness. In particular, the development of cultural and professional competencies of leaders is considered as an important factor in ensuring effective management of the educational process. The study scientifically substantiates the necessity for leaders to apply approaches based on national values in establishing cooperation with pedagogical staff and stakeholders, as well as to utilize communication culture and interactive communication mechanisms. Additionally, the paper examines modern management methods, quality monitoring, internal control systems, and the impact of leadership competencies on the effectiveness of educational quality from both theoretical and practical perspectives. According to the research findings, developing socio-cultural awareness, sensitivity to intercultural communication, and management skills based on national values among leaders contributes to improving the quality of education, creating a positive environment, and establishing an effective management system. The study also provides specific proposals and recommendations for improving quality management mechanisms in educational institutions.
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT DEVICE USING AN ULTRASONIC SENSOR
This article analyzes non-contact distance measurement technologies used in robotics and automated systems in the context of modern technological development. In particular, the working principle of ultrasonic sensors, their advantages, and a comparative analysis with other distance measurement methods (mechanical, optical, and laser) are presented. The affordability, accuracy, and independence from external lighting conditions of ultrasonic technology are justified as factors that increase its practical significance. The article develops a model of a distance-measuring device based on an Arduino microcontroller and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The propagation characteristics of ultrasonic waves, the processes of signal transmission and reception, and the mechanism of converting them into digital data are analyzed. The electronic circuit of the device is designed, a control program for the microcontroller is written, and the system is tested in practice. As a result, it is determined that the developed device is capable of measuring distances from 2 cm to 400 cm with high accuracy. The proposed solution is significant due to its potential effective application in smart home systems and autonomous robotic devices.
G’ulomova Ko’hinur Murod qizi, Ko’chimova Oyshabonu O’tkirjon qizi, Usmonov Faxriddin Sharofiddin o’g’li, Muhammatjonov Muxammadqodir Rashidbek o'g'li
THE MOTIVATIONAL AND NON-MOTIVATIONAL POWER OF WORDS ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
This article investigates the motivational and psychological effects of words on social media from a scientific perspective. In the context of globalization, language is analyzed not only as a medium of information transmission but also as a factor influencing human consciousness, emotional states, and behavior. The study explores the relationship between speech, thought, and attention within psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics frameworks. Drawing on the ideas of Charles Bally, Jon Assaraf, and Bob Doyle, the article scientifically substantiates the positive and negative consequences of verbal influence. The findings contribute to improving speech culture on social media platforms and emphasize the importance of responsible language use in contemporary digital communication.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CLINICAL COURSE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMAS AND ADENOLYMPHOMAS
Benign tumors of the salivary glands, particularly pleomorphic adenomas and adenolymphomas (Warthin tumors), represent a significant portion of head and neck neoplasms. Despite their benign nature, these tumors differ substantially in clinical presentation, biological behavior, and histopathological features. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of the clinical course and morphological characteristics of pleomorphic adenomas and adenolymphomas. A mixed retrospective and prospective analysis of 102 patients diagnosed with parotid gland tumors was performed. Clinical data, imaging findings, histopathological features, and postoperative outcomes were systematically evaluated. The results demonstrate that pleomorphic adenomas exhibit slower growth but a higher recurrence risk due to pseudopodial extensions, whereas adenolymphomas are characterized by multicentricity and strong association with smoking. Morphologically, pleomorphic adenomas show epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation, while adenolymphomas demonstrate lymphoid stroma and cystic structures. The findings highlight the necessity for differential diagnostic strategies and tailored surgical approaches. The study contributes to improving diagnostic accuracy and optimizing treatment planning in salivary gland pathology.
EFFECTIVE WAYS TO TEACH VOCABULARY IN LANGUAGE CLASSES BY USING AI PLATFORMS
A successful method for vocabulary development is essential in language learning. There are several useful techniques for language learners to retain knowledge for extended periods. They help learners of all ages expend their vocabulary effectively. Nowadays, memory loss is common among young people, which poses a significant challenge in language learning. Many students study well but forget quickly. This article aims to show effective ways to teach vocabulary in linguistic classes using strategies. The study emphasizes techniques including games, visual aids and lexical teaching using context. These techniques enable students to retain knowledge longer and be more actively engaged in the learning process.
Madrimova Sevinchoy Erkaboy qizi, Xolmatova Maxbubaxon Axmadjon qizi
IMMUNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE RHINOSINUSITIS ASSOCIATED WITH EBV VIRUS (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Acute rhinosinusitis is one of the most common upper respiratory tract pathologies and is viral in 90–98% of cases. In recent years, interest has increased in the role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of immune-inflammatory responses in the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. Although direct evidence of the etiologic role of EBV in acute rhinosinusitis is limited, accumulated data indicate its possible involvement in the impairment of innate and adaptive immunity, increased cytokine response, damage to the epithelial barrier, and prolongation of the inflammatory process. This review analyzes current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of EBV-associated acute rhinosinusitis, the characteristics of the cellular and humoral immune response, and the diagnostic value of serological and molecular markers. Existing gaps in the evidence base and areas for further research are discussed.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREAS: ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF SHARSHARA MAHALLA AND WAYS TO OVERCOME THEM
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of socio-economic problems in urban areas using the example of the Sharshara mahalla. The study examines demographic indicators, employment and unemployment rates, poverty levels, infrastructure development, and issues of social security based on statistical data. The results identify the main problems in the area and propose effective mechanisms for addressing them. Additionally, the article presents scientific and practical recommendations aimed at improving social policy at the mahalla level and enhancing the standard of living of the population. The findings have significant theoretical and practical importance for ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of urban areas.
LINGUOPOETIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF METAPHORS IN THE POETRY OF HALIMA KHUDOYBERDIYEVA
This article analyzes the linguopoetic and pragmatic features of metaphors in the poetry of Halima Khudoyberdiyeva. It scientifically substantiates the role of metaphor in the poet’s texts as a means of creating semantic depth, enhancing aesthetic impact, and establishing communicative interaction with the reader. In particular, the functional aspects of color metaphors, nature-related metaphors, and metaphorical units expressing emotional and psychological states are examined.
MODERN METHODS OF OSTEOSYNTHESIS IN MANDIBULAR FRACTURES: TOWARD STABLE, COMPLICATION‑SPARING FIXATION
Modern osteosynthesis for mandibular fractures has shifted from wire fixation and prolonged maxillomandibular fixation toward rigid and semi‑rigid internal fixation concepts that enable early function and lower complication rates. Contemporary strategies are grounded in AO load‑bearing and load‑sharing principles and include monocortical miniplates along Champy’s ideal osteosynthesis lines, locking plate–screw systems, three‑dimensional (3D) plates, lag screws, and bioresorbable plating systems. Evidence from comparative studies suggests that 3D plates and lag screws can reduce postoperative complications or operative time in selected fracture patterns, while locking plates improve stability in more demanding situations. Bioresorbable systems are increasingly used for linear, non‑displaced fractures, particularly where hardware removal is undesirable. This narrative review summarizes the biomechanical principles underlying modern mandibular osteosynthesis, describes key fixation systems, and discusses their indications, advantages, and limitations. A descriptive comparison of methods and an illustrative analysis of complication trends are provided to support evidence‑based selection of fixation strategies in clinical practice.
Rasulov Furkat Murodillo ugli,Hasanov Adham Ibragimovich
EFFICIENCY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN THE CONTROL OF GREENHOUSE WHITEFLY
This study investigates the effectiveness of entomopathogenic bacteria in controlling greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) populations under controlled greenhouse conditions. The research was conducted using a randomized experimental design involving biological treatments based on Bacillus thuringiensis and mixed bacterial formulations, compared with a chemical insecticide and an untreated control. Key parameters such as pest population density, mortality rate, and biological efficacy were evaluated over a 21-day period. The results demonstrated that entomopathogenic bacteria significantly reduced whitefly populations, with mixed bacterial formulations showing the highest efficacy among biological treatments. Although chemical insecticides provided rapid initial suppression, biological treatments ensured more stable and sustainable pest control over time. Additionally, treated plants exhibited improved physiological condition, reduced leaf damage, and enhanced overall growth. The findings highlight the potential of entomopathogenic bacteria as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and support their integration into sustainable pest management systems in greenhouse agriculture.
To‘xtamisheva Nilufar Alisher qizi,Bo‘sinov Muhiddin Laziz o‘g‘li,Jumanazarov G‘ayrat Xusanovich
STATE POLICY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TURKIC LANGUAGE DURING THE ERA OF AMIR TEMUR: ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationship between state policy and the development of the Turkic language during the era of Amir Temur, based on an institutional approach. The study examines, on a solid scientific basis, the mechanisms of the development of the Turkic language through the centralized governance system, the advanced cultural environment, and the activities of educational institutions formed in the Timurid state. The article also analyzes how the functional capacities of the Turkic language expanded and how its socio-political status was strengthened through state administration practices, documentation systems, military organization and terminology, as well as processes of integration among various cultural layers. The research substantiates that the Turkic language functioned not only as a means of communication but also as an important institutional factor ensuring state governance, military organization, and cultural unity. The results demonstrate that language policy during the Timurid period had a systematic nature and laid a solid foundation for the later formation of the classical Turkic literary language.
This article examines the grammatical features of pronouns in Uzbek and French historical sources. Their morphological and syntactic characteristics, as well as their historical development in written sources, are examined. Particular attention is paid to comparative analysis, which allows us to identify typological similarities and differences between the two languages. The results of the study show that the structure of pronouns is closely linked to the general type of language and its historical development.
Madina Tursunova,Ivatov Serik Kudaybergenovich
MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPING EMPATHY AND COMPASSION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
This article analyzes the pedagogical and psychological mechanisms of the formation and development of empathy and compassion in preschool children. Empathy is the ability to understand and feel the emotional state of others, which is one of the main components of the socialization, moral education and communicative competence of a person. The preschool period is considered the most important stage in the emotional and intellectual development of a child. It is during this period that the child learns to understand the emotions of others, to respond to them appropriately and to show empathy. The theoretical foundations of the development of empathy, its psychological mechanisms, as well as methods of pedagogical influence are covered. Effective ways to form empathic relationships in children through play activities, role-playing games, fiction, fairy tales and conversations are considered. The importance of the personal example of parents and educators is also emphasized.
THERMO-PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF WALL MATERIALS USING ADVANCED ADDITIVES AND COMPOSITE SYSTEMS
This paper presents a concise analysis of modern approaches for improving the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of wall-building materials, including concrete, bricks, blocks, and composite systems. While low thermal conductivity is generally preferred for insulation purposes, certain engineering applications such as radiant heating systems, thermal energy storage, and PCM-based structures require enhanced heat transfer properties. At the same time, thermal resistance remains a critical parameter for ensuring fire safety and structural stability at elevated temperatures. The study examines the influence of advanced additives such as silicon carbide (SiC), carbon nanotubes (CNT), expanded graphite (EG), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), vermiculite, and basalt fibers. The results indicate that conductive additives significantly increase thermal conductivity, while mineral fillers and fiber reinforcements improve thermal resistance up to 300–1000°C depending on the composition.
Yunusaliyev Elmurod Makhammadyakubovich,Butaboyev Xikmatullo Khabibullayevich
YERSINIA PESTIS AND FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS: PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS, SPECIFIC PREVENTION, AND THERAPY
Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis are highly pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria responsible for severe zoonotic diseases in humans. Both organisms are considered important public health threats due to their high virulence, low infectious dose, and ability to spread through animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is mainly transmitted through infected fleas from rodents. After entering the human body, it rapidly spreads to lymph nodes and blood, leading to bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic forms of the disease. Pneumonic plague is particularly dangerous due to its ability for human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets. Francisella tularensis, the agent of tularemia, is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals, tick bites, contaminated food or water, or inhalation of aerosols. It is an intracellular pathogen that survives within macrophages, allowing systemic spread and immune evasion. Both pathogens are characterized by high infectivity and significant mortality if untreated, making them important targets for laboratory surveillance, early diagnosis, and effective therapeutic intervention.
Oqboyeva Muborak Musurmon kizi,Gʻapporova Muhayyoxon Abduqahhor kizi,Ilhomova Marxabo Iqboljon kizi,Mirvalieva Nafisa Rejametovna
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AFTER COVID-19: NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
The study was based on a prospective follow-up, which examined cognitive functions (mmse, Moca tests) and laboratory parameters (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, D-dimer, neurospecific enolase, protein s100b) in patients from the group after covid.It was also found that an increase in the level of IL-6, CRP and markers of neuron damage significantly correlated with a decrease in cognitive functions. A comprehensive clinical and laboratory approach is important for the early detection of post-covid cognitive impairment, assessment of its severity, and development of effective treatment strategies.s100b) in post-covid patients. The results showed that neuroinflammation, hypoxic damage, and microcirculation disorders play an important role in the development of cognitive impairment.It was also found that an increase in the level of IL-6, CRP and markers of neuron damage significantly correlated with a decrease in cognitive functions. An integrated clinical and laboratory approach is important for early detection of post-cystic cognitive impairment, assessment of its severity, and development of effective treatment strategies.
Rajabov Shoxzod Yangiboy o’g’li,Jaxongirov Rahmatilla Farhod o’g’li
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND THE NEW PARADIGM OF SUSTAINABILITY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal framework for environmental protection and its fundamental principles. The study examines the impact of human activities on ecosystems, the importance of biodiversity conservation, and the legal mechanisms for the sustainable use of natural resources. Additionally, transformations in environmental legislation at both global and national levels as of 2026 are analyzed. In particular, a comparative analysis is conducted of the implementation of the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), and modern approaches reflected in the practices of the United States and Europe. The findings demonstrate that the contemporary model of environmental policy is shifting from purely restrictive measures toward a system based on economic incentives and advanced monitoring technologies.
GAMIFICATION AS AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING ADVANCED ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Developing advanced-level vocabulary is a key objective in foreign language education, requiring learners not only to recognize complex words but also to use them accurately and appropriately in context. Traditional vocabulary instruction often relies on memorization and standardized exercises, which may limit full lexical competence development. The study investigates the effectiveness of gamification in teaching advanced English vocabulary using digital tools such as Quizlet, Kahoot, and Baamboozle. A quasi-experimental quantitative design involved three groups: one experimental group (17 students) and two control groups (32 students total). All groups received the same vocabulary content in a similar learning environment, but the experimental group practiced words in context and completed gamified reinforcement exercises over a five-week period. Pre-test results showed comparable vocabulary knowledge across all groups. Post-test results indicated that the experimental group slightly outperformed the control groups, demonstrating a moderate positive effect in vocabulary retention, contextual usage, and learner engagement. These findings suggest that integrating gamification into advanced vocabulary teaching can enhance learning outcomes, even over a short instructional period.
ISSUES OF IMPROVING THE INSTITUTION OF RETURNING A CRIMINAL CASE WITH NEW CHARGES AT THE TRIAL STAGE IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the procedural and legal aspects of returning a criminal case for additional investigation or reconsideration when new charges arise during court proceedings in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, judicial practice, and recent reforms aimed at strengthening adversarial principles and protecting human rights. Particular attention is paid to the legal grounds, procedural mechanisms, and shortcomings of the current system. Based on doctrinal analysis and comparative approaches, proposals are developed to improve the institution in line with international standards.
THE PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Comprehensive information regarding ECA in FLT is provided in this page. Additionally, it offers specific instances and analysis of how crucial it is to put this strategy into practice. Extracurricular activities in foreign languages are crucial to the educational process. They enhance instruction in foreign languages, develop students' skills, and broaden and deepen their knowledge. Most significantly, there is a rise in students' curiosity about foreign languages. Enhancing the way extracurricular foreign language activities are planned and run can help the educational process.
SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE IN MIDDLE-AGED AND ELDERLY PATIENTS IN THE KHOREZM REGION
Chronic heart failure (CHF) remains a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Uzbekistan, and specifically in the Khorezm region, the prevalence of CHF among middle-aged and elderly populations has been steadily rising. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics, progression, and outcomes of CHF in these age groups, focusing on regional specificities. Data were collected from clinical observations, patient records, and structured questionnaires. Findings suggest that elderly patients experience more severe manifestations of CHF, with higher hospitalization rates and comorbidities compared to middle-aged patients. Regional lifestyle factors, limited access to advanced medical care, and delayed diagnosis contribute to the worsening disease profile. The study highlights the urgent need for improved diagnostic strategies, preventive measures, and tailored management approaches for CHF in the Khorezm region.
Sultonnazarova Gulira'no Shuxratbek qizi
METHODOLOGY TEACHING OF PLAYING TABLE TENNIS IN THE PROCESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR GIRLS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article presents a methodology for quickly teaching girls to play table tennis in physical education classes at a higher educational institution. 1st-year students of Physical Culture took part in the pedagogical experiment: 60 participants in the experimental group and 40 participants in the control group. The experimental methodology for teaching girls to table tennis in a higher educational institution included the following pedagogical algorithm: demonstration as a whole - girls trying the game of table tennis in pairs - assessment of basic technical errors - serious technical errors correction - rematch in pairs, correction of serious technical errors - strengthening of technical elements in the form of competition.
THE DESCRIBTION OF WOLF ZOOSEMY IN ENGLISH WORKS
Semantics is a branch of linguistics that studies the content of language units and speech that derivatives formed from them. Semantics has emerged as a separate science and is considered a linguistic field that mainly studies issues within the framework of semantic phenomena such as the development of the meaning of lexemes, expansion, narrowing, specialization, usual and occasional meaning, primary and derived meaning, synonym, antonym, polysemy.
ENHANCING ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH CLT,TBLT AND PBLT APPROACHES
This article examines three prominent approaches in contemporary English Language Teaching (ELT): Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), and Project-Based Language Teaching (PBLT). It discusses their theoretical underpinnings, practical applications, and educational benefits in developing communicative competence, learner autonomy, and critical thinking skills. Furthermore, it explores how these approaches can be integrated to foster meaningful, engaging, and student-centered learning experiences in modern classrooms.
Sharopov Sherzod Shirinboy o‘g’li,Sadullayeva Mexriniso Avasovna
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE THINKING IN CHILDREN
This paper examines the development of creative thinking in children and its significance for personal and intellectual growth. The study analyzes methods and techniques that contribute to the formation of a creative approach to problem solving, as well as the role of the educational environment and upbringing in stimulating children’s independence and initiative. Special attention is given to the development of imagination, associative thinking, and the ability for unconventional thinking in children of different ages.
Gazieva Nigora Shamsiddinovna,Gazibekova Gulavza Ergashevna
THE ISSUE OF PRESERVING SOCIO-HISTORICAL AND PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL COLOR IN UZBEK TRANSLATIONS OF KHALED HOSSEINI’S WORKS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the issue of preserving socio-historical and psycho-emotional color in the process of translating the works of Khaled Hosseini, one of the prominent representatives of contemporary world literature, into the Uzbek language. The study examines the challenges of reproducing the national setting, historical reality, cultural features, and the inner psychological experiences of characters through translation. In addition, practical approaches are analyzed based on theoretical concepts such as equivalence, adequacy, and functional correspondence in translation.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF MAN IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
This article explores the historical development of the concept of "man" in English and Karakalpak languages, focusing on the cultural, religious, and linguistic shifts that have influenced the representation of masculinity over time. Through a comparative analysis, the paper examines the etymology, societal roles, and evolving values associated with the concept of manhood. The study draws from mythology, literature, religious traditions, and modern discourse to illustrate how language reflects changing gender identities. While English has experienced dynamic transformations due to globalization and progressive movements, the Karakalpak language retains strong traditional markers, though subtle shifts are emerging. The article highlights the significance of linguistic study in understanding gender evolution across cultures.
Rajabov Shoxzod Yangiboy o‘g‘li,Jaxongirov Rahmatilla Farhod o‘g‘li
FOUNDATIONS THAT UNITE HUMANITY OR CRITERIA THAT DIFFERENTIATE IT?
This article examines the dual nature of humanity as both a unifying and differentiating phenomenon through interdisciplinary analysis. Drawing on sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and global studies, the paper explores the fundamental elements that bind human societies together—such as biological similarity, shared cognitive capacities, and universal cultural patterns—while also analyzing the criteria that distinguish individuals and groups, including language, religion, socio-economic systems, and political structures. The study relies on established theoretical frameworks and empirical data from globally recognized academic sources to evaluate whether unity or differentiation is more dominant in shaping human civilization. The findings suggest that while differentiation is evident, the foundational structures of human unity remain essential and persistent.
PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS HOLD NATIONAL MOVEMENT GAMES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES
When activities are properly organized that take into account the age characteristics of children and the level of physical fitness, movement and national games will have a hygienic and healthpromoting effect that will have a positive effect. The pedagogical technology of national action games will become a key tool in the selection of games according to the age of the child and the development of physical qualities. The article discusses the rules, forms and regulations for conducting national movement games in physical education classes for primary school students.
ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS AND HEALTH IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
An important role in the upbringing of the younger generation as physically healthy people will be played by the improvement of physical education and sports, and recreational activities in educational institutions. The article deals with physical education and sports in educational institutions, morning physical education, physical education, sports sections, sports competitions and holidays, as well as independent exercises and training using natural factors.
LEXICAL FEATURES OF MEDICAL NEWS IN UZBEK MEDIA DISCOURSE
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the lexical and semantic features of medical news in Uzbek media discourse. The study examines medical terminology used in modern mass media, its semantic transformations, metaphorical extensions, and communicative adaptation. The empirical material consists of texts published in online media outlets between 2020 and 2024. The results indicate that medical vocabulary in Uzbek media discourse develops along two main trends: terminological accuracy and public accessibility.
APPLICATION OF BIMETALLIC NANOPARTICLES IN DYEING WOOL FABRICS
In this study, nanoparticles of copper Cu²⁺, iron Fe³⁺, aluminum Al³⁺ and zinc Zn²⁺ salts, which have high activity compared to traditional microscale mordants, as well as their bimetallic combinations Cu²⁺/Fe³⁺, Al³⁺/Cu²⁺, Al³⁺/Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺, Zn²⁺/Al³⁺, were used in the dyeing of wool fiber. Their influence on the mechanism of formation of different colours and colour intensity during the dyeing process using the Indigofera Tinctoria L. plant was assessed. When using nanomordants of the Al³⁺/Cu²⁺ combination, light blue and blue-violet colours are obtained, Cu²⁺/Zn²⁺ – bright blue and blue-green colours, Zn²⁺/Al³⁺ – light blue and sky-blue colours. Combinations involving Cu2+ nanoparticles contributed to the saturation of the color of wool fabrics, Al3+ nanoparticles played an important role in fixing the color and preserving the fiber structure, and Cu2+ nanoparticles served to saturate the color. Although an increase in colour brightness was observed in the presence of Fe2+ nanoparticles, it was found that environmental restrictions must be observed when using them.
Islamova Zulaykho Shukhratovna, Nuritdinov Atham Ibrokhimovich, Mirzaeva Dilfuza Mirzokirovna, Nurmurodov Umidzhan Utkirovich
PROTECTING KERATIN FROM DAMAGE CAUSED BY INSECTICIDES
This article presents research on imparting mole-proof properties to wool fiber of the local Karakul breed with a diameter of 58.86 microns and a length of 11-14 mm, which serves as the object of research. Unlike traditional technologies, an extract of a natural repellent - Lamiáceae - was used to impart moth-proof properties to wool fiber in order to ensure occupational safety and environmental safety. Due to the presence of a number of difficult-to-degrade compounds in the essential oil of Lamiáceae (26.14-57.07% linalool and 9.08-24.45% linalyl acetate), it was possible to protect the keratin protein of wool from moth larvae. After isolating Lamiáceae, a lavender extract, using the SOX406 installation, aqueous solutions of various concentrations were prepared from it. When dyeing samples of wool blend fabrics, a two-stage periodic and continuous dyeing method was proposed by combining the use of natural dye - Carmine and essential oil of the Lavender plant (Lamiaceae). Depending on the concentration of Lavender aqueous extract, the mole-protective properties of mixed fibrous fabric were assessed by tissue weight loss and damage to samples in accordance with ISO 3998:1977.
Islamova Zulaykho Shukhratovna, Ibrokhimova Yulduz Zhonibekovna
STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF COLD DYEING OF WOOL FIBER USING DIAZONIUM NANO-SALTS
The article discusses a method of cold dyeing of wool fiber with insoluble azo dyes using diazonium salt nanoparticles. The azo component used is a nanodispersed diazonium salt, in combination with the reactivity of the side radical of the tyrosine amino acid of the keratin macromolecule, which ensures the effective occurrence of the azo coupling reaction directly in the fiber structure. Dyeing is carried out at a temperature of 20–25°C for 15–20 minutes with a bath module of 1:50. The effect of pH in the range of 4–8 on the physical, mechanical, and coloristic properties of wool was studied. It has been established that the proposed method ensures the production of stable and intense coloration while maintaining the fiber structure and reducing the energy and labor costs of the process.
Islamova Zulaykho Shukhratovna, Nabieva Iroda Abdusamatovna, Saydaliev Otabek Turabekovich
MAGIC, FRIENDSHIP, AND MORAL CHOICE IN J. K. ROWLING’S “HARRY POTTER”
This article explores the major themes of magic, friendship, moral choice, and love in J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series through the symbolic image of the cupboard under the stairs. The study interprets the cupboard as a representation of neglect, isolation, and the formative conditions of moral identity. By comparing Harry Potter’s ethical development with that of Voldemort, the article emphasizes Rowling’s central argument that morality is shaped by personal choice rather than background or suffering. Special attention is given to friendship as a source of emotional freedom and love as the most powerful force governing the narrative. The article concludes that love, sacrifice, and conscious moral decisions are the primary forces that ensure the triumph of good over evil in the series.
Maxammadjonova Dilso’z Doniyor qizi, Umrzaqov Islom
LINGUOPRAGMATIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF THE USE OF YOUTH JARGON IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
The present study explores the distinctive linguopragmatic and linguocultural dimensions of youth jargon used in English and Uzbek. The research focuses on how modern slang forms such as clipped words, hybrid expressions, internet-based neologisms, and culturally shaped figurative units function within everyday communication among young speakers. Particular emphasis is placed on the pragmatic intentions behind slang usage, including emotional reinforcement, the expression of group solidarity, identity construction, and the regulation of interpersonal distance.
TREATMENT OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY IN WOMEN USING FOLK MEDICINE METHODS
This article examines abdominal obesity in women and discusses the place of folk medicine in its management. Abdominal obesity is a clinically important condition because central fat accumulation is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, and in women a waist circumference above 88 cm is widely used as a high-risk threshold. The problem is especially relevant in peri-menopausal and postmenopausal women, as hormonal changes during menopause are associated with changes in body composition and increased cardiovascular risk. The study was conducted as a narrative literature review based on reliable medical and public health sources. The analysis focused on the relationship between abdominal obesity and women’s health, as well as on traditional and herbal methods commonly used for weight control. The review showed that although folk medicine methods such as herbal teas, green tea products, and bitter orange are widely used, current authoritative sources do not support them as effective stand-alone treatments for weight loss. In addition, some products promoted for weight control may have side effects or uncertain safety profiles. The findings suggest that folk medicine may have only a supportive role when it encourages healthier behavior, but it should not replace evidence-based treatment. Effective management of abdominal obesity in women should be based on lifestyle modification, regular monitoring, and medical supervision, while any traditional remedies should be used cautiously and critically evaluated for safety and effectiveness.
LIVER DISEASES: DEVELOPMENT, CAUSES, AND CONSEQUENCES OF HEPATITIS AND LIVER CIRRHOSIS
Currently, liver diseases, especially hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, are among the most widespread illnesses worldwide. These diseases cause serious harm to human health and significantly reduce the quality of life. The liver is one of the main organs that performs vital functions in the body, and its damage negatively affects the functioning of the entire organism. The purpose of this article is to study the causes, mechanisms of development, and consequences of liver diseases.
Shodiyeva Sabrinakhon Rauf qizi, Qahorova Marjona Farhodovna
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRAGMATIC STRATEGIES IN DIGITAL DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This study presents a comparative analysis of pragmatic strategies employed in digital discourse in English and Uzbek languages. In the era of rapid digital communication, language users increasingly rely on pragmatic tools to convey intentions, maintain politeness, and achieve communicative goals in online environments. The research focuses on identifying similarities and differences in the use of speech acts, politeness strategies, implicature, and contextual adaptation across the two languages. The methodology is based on qualitative and comparative discourse analysis of authentic digital texts, including social media interactions, online comments, and messaging platforms. The findings reveal that while both English and Uzbek speakers utilize pragmatic strategies to ensure effective communication, cultural norms significantly influence their choice and frequency. English digital discourse tends to favor directness and brevity, whereas Uzbek discourse often reflects indirectness, respect-oriented expressions, and culturally embedded politeness forms. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of socio-cultural context in shaping pragmatic behavior and demonstrates how digital environments modify traditional communication patterns. The results contribute to the broader understanding of cross-linguistic pragmatics and provide practical implications for intercultural communication and language teaching in digital settings.
INTEGRATING COMMUNICATIVE, TASK-BASED AND DOGME APPROACHES TO FOSTER CRITICAL THINKING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
This study explores the integration of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT), Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), and the Dogme approach as an innovative framework to enhance critical thinking skills in English language instruction. In contemporary educational contexts, fostering learners’ ability to analyze, evaluate, and create meaning has become a central objective. The research argues that combining these three pedagogical approaches creates a learner-centered environment that promotes interaction, authenticity, and cognitive engagement. Communicative Language Teaching emphasizes meaningful communication and real-life language use, while Task-Based Language Teaching focuses on goal-oriented tasks that require problem-solving and collaboration. The Dogme approach, on the other hand, prioritizes emergent language and minimizes reliance on pre-designed materials, encouraging spontaneous and reflective classroom interaction. By integrating these methodologies, teachers can design flexible and context-sensitive lessons that stimulate learners’ critical thinking processes. The study adopts a qualitative approach, analyzing classroom practices and theoretical perspectives to demonstrate how this integrative model supports higher-order thinking skills. Findings suggest that such an approach not only improves linguistic competence but also enhances learners’ autonomy, creativity, and analytical abilities. The paper concludes that the synergy of CLT, TBLT, and Dogme methodologies provides a powerful pedagogical tool for developing critical thinkers in English language classrooms.
A LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN INTERNET DISCOURSE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This study explores the linguistic features of conceptual metaphors in internet discourse in English and Uzbek languages. The research aims to identify how metaphorical expressions function in digital communication and how they reflect cognitive and cultural patterns in both linguistic communities. By applying the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor theory, the study analyzes authentic examples collected from social media platforms, online forums, and digital texts. The findings reveal that internet discourse is rich in metaphorical constructions that simplify complex ideas, express emotions, and enhance communicative effectiveness. In both English and Uzbek languages, conceptual metaphors are frequently used to describe abstract domains such as emotions, technology, time, and social interaction. However, the study also demonstrates that while some metaphors are universal due to shared human cognition, others are culturally specific and reflect national mentality and linguistic traditions. Furthermore, the research highlights the role of internet discourse in generating new metaphorical patterns influenced by globalization, technological advancement, and intercultural communication. The comparative analysis shows both similarities and differences in metaphor usage, structure, and function across the two languages. The results contribute to the development of cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, and cross-cultural communication studies
USING COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES TO TEACH ENGLISH PROSODY IN EFL CLASSROOMS
Prosody, which includes stress, rhythm, and intonation, plays a crucial role in effective communication in English. However, in many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms, pronunciation teaching often focuses primarily on individual sounds rather than suprasegmental features. This article explores the effectiveness of communicative activities in teaching English prosody to EFL learners. The study highlights how interactive classroom tasks such as role-plays, dialogues, storytelling, and information-gap activities can improve learners’ awareness and use of prosodic features. The research is based on classroom observations and practical teaching experience with university-level EFL students. The findings suggest that communicative activities significantly enhance students’ pronunciation accuracy, fluency, and listening comprehension. The study concludes that integrating communicative techniques into pronunciation teaching can make prosody instruction more engaging and effective for language learners.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ECOSYSTEM
This article examines the impact of global climate change on natural ecosystems, using the Aral Sea crisis as a case study. The increase in greenhouse gases and the phenomenon of phenological asynchrony are analyzed as threats to biosphere stability. The study scientifically substantiates the impact of salt dust from the Aral Sea bed on glacier melting and water scarcity challenges in the region.
MORPHOLOGY OF POLLEN GRAINS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE FAMILY LAMIACEAE, USING THE SAMARKAND REGION AS AN EXAMPLE
This article examines the morphological features of pollen grains from medicinal plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, using the Samarkand region as a case study. The objective of this work is the palynological analysis of pollen grains from plant species of the Lamiaceae family and the determination of their systematic significance based on diagnostic characteristics. The research employed classical palynological and microscopic analysis methods. In the samples studied, the shape, size, number and type of apertures, exine structure, and surface ornamentation were identified and compared. This study is of significant importance for the scientific description of medicinal plants found in the Samarkand region, for clarifying their systematic position, and for the advancement of palynological research.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIRECT METHOD FOR IMPROVING STUDENT'S SPEAKING SKILL
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the Direct Method as an effective approach in foreign language teaching, particularly in developing students’ speaking skills. The Direct Method is based on the principle of natural language acquisition, where learners are exposed directly to the target language without relying on translation. This study examines the historical background, key principles, teaching techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of the method in detail. Special attention is given to how the Direct Method enhances oral communication, fluency, and pronunciation through continuous interaction and real-life language use. At the same time, the article critically evaluates its limitations, such as insufficient focus on grammar and challenges in large classroom settings. The research concludes that although the Direct Method is highly beneficial for improving communicative competence, it is most effective when combined with other teaching methodologies to create a balanced and holistic learning environment.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING OF LABOR COSTS
This article examines the theoretical foundations of accounting and auditing of labor costs in modern economic systems. The study is based on established accounting standards, international auditing practices, and scientific literature. The paper analyzes the structure, classification, and recognition of labor costs, as well as methodological approaches to their auditing. Special attention is given to compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Standards on Auditing (ISA). The research highlights the importance of accurate labor cost accounting for financial transparency, organizational efficiency, and regulatory compliance.
THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING AND ITS POTENTIAL IN LANGUAGE LEARNING
Digital storytelling (DS) has emerged as a powerful pedagogical tool in language education, combining narrative techniques with digital technology to create interactive and engaging learning experiences. This article explores the concept of digital storytelling, its theoretical foundations, and practical applications in foreign language learning. The study examines how DS enhances learners’ communicative competence, motivation, cultural awareness, and technological literacy. It also analyzes the challenges and best practices for integrating DS into language classrooms. Findings indicate that digital storytelling promotes active learning, creativity, and collaborative skills, making it an effective strategy for modern language education.
THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN ENHANCING ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY
In recent years, digital transformation has become a key driver of economic growth and competitiveness worldwide. The integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing into economic systems has significantly reshaped traditional business models and market structures. This paper examines the impact of digital transformation on modern economic development, focusing on productivity, innovation, and employment. The study uses a qualitative analysis approach based on recent academic literature and global economic reports. The findings indicate that digitalization enhances efficiency, creates new market opportunities, and accelerates innovation processes, but also poses challenges such as job displacement and cybersecurity risks. The paper concludes that effective policy frameworks and investment in digital skills are essential to maximize the benefits of digital transformation.
ORGANIZATIONAL FOUNDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE SKILLS IN STUDENTS THROUGH VOCAL LESSONS
The study substantiates the role of vocal training not only in developing performance mastery but also in enhancing methodological thinking, communicative competence, and pedagogical analysis skills. Based on modern pedagogical approaches, the article highlights how well-organized vocal lessons contribute to improving students’ pedagogical preparedness and emphasizes the effectiveness of vocal performance education in shaping professional-pedagogical competencies.
THE ROLE OF MULTIMEDIA TOOLS IN ENHANCING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS IN ESL CLASSROOMS
This article examines the role of multimedia tools in improving listening and speaking skills in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms. With the rapid development of digital technologies, multimedia resources such as videos, podcasts, interactive software, and online communication platforms have become essential components of modern language education. The study explores how these tools contribute to learners’ communicative competence, pronunciation accuracy, and overall engagement. It also identifies challenges associated with their integration, including technological limitations and pedagogical concerns. The findings suggest that multimedia tools significantly enhance language acquisition when used strategically.
CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ENGLISH LITERATURE
This study examines the literary contribution of Christopher Marlowe to the development of English Renaissance drama. Using a qualitative literary analysis approach, the research explores Marlowe’s major works, stylistic innovations, and thematic concerns. The findings reveal that Marlowe played a crucial role in shaping English tragedy through his development of blank verse, his creation of the overreaching tragic hero, and his expansion of dramatic themes. The study also highlights his influence on William Shakespeare and the broader tradition of English literature.
SOCIAL THEMES IN JADID LITERATURE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ABDURAUF FITRAT’S WORK “FAMILY OR THE RULES OF FAMILY MANAGEMENT”)
This article examines the role of social issues in Jadid literature. In particular, based on the work “Family or the Rules of Family Management” by Abdurauf Fitrat, the importance of the family institution in the development of society, family upbringing, the position of women in social life, as well as other main ideas of the work are analyzed. In addition, the article demonstrates the close connection between the views of Jadid enlighteners and the social life of the present day.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF MEDIA CULTURE IN THE MINDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE
This article analyzes the theoretical and pedagogical foundations of the formation of media culture in the minds of young people. In the conditions of globalization and the digital information space, young people are exposed to the flow of information, their impact on their worldview and values, the role of the educator in this process and what to do. The importance of media literacy today is discussed, why it is necessary to study it, effective methods for developing media literacy, what media culture is, what characteristics a person with media culture should have, and ways to form media culture in the educational process are shown.
LINGVOKULTUROLOGIYANING FAN SIFATIDA SHAKLLANISHI
Ushbu ishda lingvokulturologiyaning fan sifatida shakllanish jarayoni yoritilgan. Unda til va madaniyat o‘rtasidagi bog`liqlik, lingvokulturologiyaning paydo bo‘lish omillari hamda rivojlanish bosqichlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, faning asosiy yo‘nalishlari va ularning mazmuni qisqacha tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijasida lingvokulturologiyaning zamonaviy tilshunoslikdagi o‘rni va ahamiyati ochib beriladi.
SOME FEATURES OF EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS OF CONGRATULATION AND WISHING IN ENGLISH, GERMAN, AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
The article reveals the content of such notions as “speech act of congratulation” and “speech act of wish” and describes some similarities and essential distinctive features of these speech acts realization in the English, German and Russian languages. The authors mention the conditions of speech act of congratulation success and classify the existing occasions for it, also indicate the differences between congratulation and wish. At the same time the authors pay special attention to the fact that at the present moment, notwithstanding the tendency of speech expressiveness thorough studying, the complex description of speech acts themselves still remains uncompleted.
THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT COMPETENCE IN THE TEACHING PROFESSION
This article examines the importance of management competence in the professional activity of teachers within the modern education system. The role of management competence in organizing pedagogical activities, effectively managing the educational process, and influencing students’ learning outcomes is analyzed. The pedagogical factors for the formation and development of teachers’ management competence are also considered. The results of the study indicate that management competence is an essential factor in organizing teachers’ professional activities effectively and improving the quality of education.
MODULATORY EFFECTS OF CHRONIC MUMIYO ADMINISTRATION ON HEMOSTATIC PROFILES: AN IN VIVO CANINE STUDY
This study evaluated the hemostatic impact of chronic Mumiyo (Shilajit) administration at a dosage of 100 mg/kg in a canine model. Five healthy adult dogs were monitored over a six-day period, with coagulation profiles established at baseline and sequentially on days 3, 5, and 6. Results indicated that Mumiyo administration induced a marked attenuation of procoagulant activity, evidenced by a statistically significant prolongation of whole blood clotting time, plasma recalcification time, thrombin time, and heparin time. A progressive increase in plasma tolerance to heparin suggests a potentiated sensitivity to anticoagulant modulation. Analysis of specific coagulation factors revealed a time-dependent divergence: Factor II levels rose monotonically, whereas Factor V exhibited an initial transient decline followed by a significant rebound elevation. Notably, while fibrinogen concentrations increased moderately, fibrinolytic activity underwent a concomitant decrease, signaling a retardation in clot degradation kinetics. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Mumiyo facilitates a systemic shift toward a hypocoagulable state, resulting in the formation of structurally "looser" and less stable fibrin networks. These findings underscore the potential antithrombotic properties of Mumiyo and necessitate further mechanistic investigations to determine its therapeutic viability in clinical hematology.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
This article examines the psychological characteristics of primary school-aged children (6–10 years old) with a focus on cognitive, emotional, and social development. The study integrates classical and modern theoretical approaches and highlights the importance of psychological factors in improving the quality of education. The findings emphasize that effective teaching strategies must consider age-specific developmental features.
ON THE BASIS OF SOME FORMULATIONS OF PERSIAN ASSIMILATION USED IN THE OLD UZBEK LANGUAGE: THE IRANIAN LAYER IN THE FORMATIVE PARTS OF COMPOUND WORDS IN THE GHAZALS OF ALISHER NAVOI
This study examines Persian assimilations in Old Uzbek (Chagatai Turkic), focusing on compound word formations in Alisher Navoi’s ghazals where at least one formative element derives from the Iranian (Persian-Tajik) layer. Drawing on historical linguistics and textual analysis of Navoi’s *Ghazaliyat* and *Khazoyin ul-maoniy*, the article analyzes izafa constructions and hybrid compounds as mechanisms of lexical and syntactic integration. It incorporates quotations from language history theory and evaluates the role of assimilated vocabulary in Uzbek. Results demonstrate that Persian formative elements enriched Navoi’s poetic diction, enabling nuanced expression of love, mysticism, and philosophy. The discussion underscores assimilation’s contribution to Uzbek’s lexical depth while preserving Turkic structures. This IMRAD-structured analysis highlights bilingual literary traditions in Timurid Central Asia and their enduring impact on modern Uzbek philology.
CLIMATE MIGRATION AND ECOLOGICAL REFUGEES: A GLOBAL ISSUE AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of migration processes arising as a result of climate change. It explores the theoretical foundations of climate migration, as well as the formation and development stages of the ecological refugee phenomenon. Based on global and regional statistical data, the study evaluates the demographic, economic, and social consequences of climate change.
Bekzod Umarov Baxtiyorjon o‘g‘li, Xomidov Xolmurod Muydinovich, Isroilov Zafarjon Nizomitdin o‘g‘li
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN STUDENTS
This article comprehensively analyzes the psychological factors that affect the development of professional identity in students. In particular, the motivational sphere of the individual, the level of self-awareness, professional interests, values, the influence of the social environment and reflection processes are considered as important determinants in the formation of professional identity. Modern research shows that a significant part of students of higher educational institutions is receiving education without fully understanding their professional direction, which can negatively affect their future work. According to international and national statistical data, a certain part of young people does not work in their specialty after graduation, which indicates that professional identity is not sufficiently formed. Also, the results of the study serve to identify the possibilities of developing professional identity in students through an in-depth study of psychological factors. The article analyzes the problem based on the combination of theoretical and practical approaches and develops proposals.
THE ROLE OF THE DRUG VIFERON® IN THE REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS
The end of the 20th century was marked by advances in biology and medicine, including theoretical immunology, which made it possible to take a new look at the etiopathogenesis of a number of diseases. In particular, this refers to changes in the understanding of innate immunity, the discovery of the interferon system, the identification of immunoregulatory cells and subpopulations of lymphocytes producing opposing cytokines, as well as their role in autoimmune pathology.
Makhpieva Guldonakhon Kabiljanovna, Ulugbekov Mirzo Ulugbek Oybek ugli
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HAIRLESS MALLOW RAW MATERIAL
This study is devoted to the phytochemical investigation of hairless mallow (Malva species) raw material. The aim of the research was to comprehensively analyze the chemical composition of the plant and to identify the main groups of biologically active substances both qualitatively and quantitatively. Chloroform, alcoholic, and aqueous extracts were prepared sequentially from the plant raw material. The presence of biologically active compounds was determined using standard qualitative reactions, while chromatographic methods were applied for identification and confirmation of individual components. The results of the study confirmed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, sugars, and tannins in the composition of hairless mallow. Chromatographic analysis revealed two compounds of coumarin nature with Rf values of 0.38 and 0.54. Flavonoids were identified by characteristic color reactions. The total sugar content was determined to be 19.3–20.0% before hydrolysis and 59.4–60.6% after hydrolysis, indicating a high content of polysaccharides. The tannin content was found to be 3.2% and mainly represented by condensed forms. Anthracene derivatives and alkaloids were not detected, while fats were present in trace amounts. The obtained results are consistent with literature data and confirm the rich phytochemical composition of the plant. In conclusion, hairless mallow represents a promising medicinal raw material, and its biologically active constituents provide a scientific basis for further standardization and development of pharmaceutical preparations.
FROM MARGINS TO CENTER: THE EMERGENCE OF FEMALE SUBJECTIVITY THROUGH RESISTANCE AND ARTISTIC EXPRESSION IN JASMIN DARZNIK'S SONG OF A CAPTIVE BIRD
This article examines the emergence of female subjectivity in Jasmin Darznik's biographical novel Song of a Captive Bird (2018) through the intersecting lenses of postcolonial feminist theory, écriture féminine, and postmodern narrative analysis. Drawing on Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's subaltern theory, Homi Bhabha's concept of hybridity, Hélène Cixous's notion of feminine writing, and Linda Hutcheon's historiographic metafiction, this study argues that the protagonist Forough Farrokhzad's trajectory from social marginalization to artistic centrality constitutes a multi-layered model of female subject formation. The article demonstrates how Darznik constructs subjectivity through three interlocking mechanisms: the deconstruction of patriarchal confinement, the articulation of a distinctly feminine literary voice, and the transformation of personal resistance into collective social expression. The analysis reveals that the novel's symbolic architecture — particularly the cage metaphor — functions not merely as a spatial image of oppression, but as a dialectical site where subjugation and creative liberation are mutually constitutive.
METHODOLOGY FOR ENHANCING THE COGNITIVE ACTIVITY OF SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article examines the pedagogical and psychological foundations of enhancing school students’ cognitive activity in the educational process. It highlights modern methods and technologies, interactive approaches, and ways of applying them in classroom practice. Additionally, methodological recommendations aimed at developing students’ independent, critical, and creative thinking are provided.
RISK AND FORECAST FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that primarily manifests as destructive joint damage but, as a systemic disease, affects many organs and systems of the body, including the cardiovascular system. Epidemiological and clinical studies conducted in recent years indicate a significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in RA patients. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main risk factors for the development of gastrointestinal diseases in RA patients, their pathogenetic mechanisms, and their impact on clinical prognosis. According to modern scientific data, the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in RA patients is on average 1.5–2 times higher than in the general population, and in some cases, this indicator can even reach 2.5 times. In particular, the likelihood of developing myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and peripheral artery diseases increases. Chronic systemic inflammation plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Biomarkers such as inflammatory mediators - interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) - cause damage not only to joint tissues but also to the vascular wall. As a result, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques accelerate. These processes lead to early atherogenesis and the development of rapidly progressive atherosclerosis. Furthermore, metabolic changes associated with RA, specifically lipid metabolism disorders ("lipid paradox"), insulin resistance, and a procoagulant state, further increase cardiovascular risk. Traditional risk factors—arterial hypertension, smoking, obesity, and dyslipidemia—have a more pronounced effect against the background of RA. The duration and activity level of the disease directly affect the prognosis. In patients with long-term and high-activity RA, the probability of developing cardiovascular complications is significantly higher. Long-term use of glucocorticosteroids and certain non-traditional anti-inflammatory drugs is also among the factors that increase cardiovascular risk. At the same time, modern treatment strategies, particularly disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biological agents (anti-TNF, IL-6 inhibitors), and targeted therapy agents, play an important role in reducing cardiovascular risk through effective inflammation control. RA is not only a joint disease but also a systemic pathology associated with high cardiovascular risk. Therefore, early detection of cardiovascular risk, comprehensive assessment, and the application of individual preventive and therapeutic strategies are of great importance in the management of RA patients.
INTERNATIONAL WORDS AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO THE UZBEK LANGUAGE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC AND LEXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the phenomenon of international words and their integration into the Uzbek language from historical, sociolinguistic, and lexicological perspectives. The study analyzes the mechanisms through which international vocabulary—primarily of Graeco-Latin, English, and Russian origin—enters Uzbek, undergoes phonological and morphological adaptation, and becomes naturalized within the lexical system. Through comprehensive analysis of etymological data and contemporary usage patterns, the research demonstrates that international words serve as crucial instruments for conceptual modernization while simultaneously challenging language purism efforts. The findings contribute to understanding contact-induced language change in Turkic languages and inform strategies for managing lexical borrowing in language planning contexts.
REGULATORY-CONSTRAINED STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND STRATEGIC STABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM A DYNAMIC PANEL MODEL
This study examines the strategic stability of microfinance institutions (MFIs) operating under regulatory constraints within the context of an emerging financial ecosystem, with a specific focus on Uzbekistan. The rapid expansion of the microfinance sector, coupled with increasing integration into digital financial infrastructures, necessitates the development of adaptive and risk-sensitive strategic management models. The paper proposes a regulatory-constrained strategic management framework that captures the dynamic interaction between capital adequacy, credit risk (non-performing loans), and profitability as core determinants of strategic stability. To operationalize this framework, a composite Strategic Stability Index (SSI) and Prudential Pressure Index (PPI) are developed, enabling a multidimensional assessment of institutional performance under prudential regulation. The empirical analysis is based on panel data of microfinance institutions in Uzbekistan over the period 2017–2025. Methodologically, the study employs Fixed Effects and Random Effects models, as well as the System Generalized Method of Moments (System-GMM), to account for dynamic relationships and address endogeneity concerns. The results indicate that integration into financial ecosystems and digital transformation significantly enhance strategic stability, whereas excessive prudential pressure and increasing levels of non-performing loans exert a negative impact. Furthermore, the presence of strategic inertia confirms the dynamic nature of strategic management processes in MFIs. The study contributes to the literature by introducing a novel regulatory-constrained strategic management model and providing empirical evidence from an underexplored emerging market. The findings offer practical implications for policymakers and MFI managers in designing resilient and adaptive strategic frameworks in the era of digital finance.
IMPROVING THE COMPETITION PREPARATION OF HAND-FIGHTING ATHLETES
is devoted to the issues of further improving the preparation of hand-to-hand combat athletes for competitions. In the course of the research, the problems of developing a long-term training system for athletes, improving their technical and tactical skills, and forming special physical qualities were analyzed. In addition, ways to increase the effectiveness of athletes in the competition process through the scientific organization of training and the use of modern methods and tools were developed.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL COMFORT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS
In recent years, foreign language learning has increasingly been viewed not only as a cognitive process but also as an affective one, where anxiety, confidence, and motivation play a central role. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has created new opportunities for language practice by enabling learners to interact with digital systems without fear of negative evaluation. This article examines international empirical studies on the impact of AI tools—particularly generative systems (e.g., ChatGPT-like models), chatbots, and automated feedback systems—on the psychological comfort of English language learners. The findings suggest that AI-mediated environments help reduce language anxiety, enhance learner confidence, and create a safe space for linguistic experimentation.
THE ROLE OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN EFFECTIVE LECTURE DELIVERY
The article demonstrates how interactive teaching methods improve lecture efficiency at higher education institutions. The study analyzes domestic and international research articles to show how interactive teaching methods change traditional lecture teaching into student-centered educational experiences. The research results show that using interactive teaching methods in a structured manner leads to better student participation and understanding and knowledge retention during lectures.
WHY THE LIFE AND WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS REMAIN CENTRAL TO LITERARY RESEARCH?
This article explores the enduring academic significance of Charles Dickens’s life and literary works. It analyzes how Dickens’s personal experiences, narrative innovations, and ethical vision shaped his fiction and contributed to its lasting scholarly relevance. The study examines key thematic areas such as social injustice, poverty, childhood, education, and institutional criticism within the context of Victorian England. Special attention is given to Dickens’s use of language, satire, and characterization, as well as the adaptability of his works to modern critical theories. The article argues that Dickens’s writing functions both as a literary achievement and as a socio-historical record, making it a valuable subject for interdisciplinary research in literature, history, and cultural studies.
Karimov Ilhom Tursunovich,Iskanova Lola Nuridinovna
CONDITIONS AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING DESIGN THINKING IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION ORGANIZATIONS
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of integrating Design Thinking (DT) methodologies within preschool education organizations. As modern educational paradigms shift toward fostering creativity and problem-solving from an early age, the implementation of design-oriented approaches becomes essential. The study identifies the necessary organizational, pedagogical, and infrastructural conditions required for successful integration. Furthermore, it analyzes the primary challenges, including pedagogical resistance, lack of specialized teacher training, and resource constraints in the preschool environment. The findings suggest that while Design Thinking significantly enhances cognitive flexibility and collaborative skills in young children, its effectiveness depends heavily on adaptive curriculum design and continuous professional development for educators.
Hasanova Sevinchoy Ramazon kizi,Berdiyeva Muhabbat Meyliyevna
IMPROVING METHODS FOR ENGAGING STUDENTS IN ACTIVE AND INTERACTIVE LEARNING IN ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
This article analyzes modern approaches to engaging students in active and interactive learning in an online learning environment and mechanisms for their improvement. In the context of digital transformation, increasing the effectiveness of the educational process, increasing student motivation, and developing their independent thinking skills are considered to be one of the pressing issues. The article substantiates the advantages of using interactive methods, innovative pedagogical technologies, digital platforms, and gamification elements. It also covers the practical aspects of problem-based learning, project-based activities, and collaborative learning methods that serve to increase student engagement. The research results show that the quality and efficiency of education can be significantly improved by increasing interactivity in the online learning process.
A.A. Rakhmatov,Turayeva Charos Murtazo kizi
LINGUACULTURAL AND PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN THE TRANSLATION OF MEDICAL TERMS
The translation of medical terminology is often perceived as a purely technical activity involving terminological substitution between languages. However, contemporary translation studies demonstrate that medical translation is not limited to lexical equivalence but involves complex linguacultural and pragmatic negotiation. As emphasized by scholars such as Eugene Nida and Peter Newmark, translation requires sensitivity to both semantic meaning and communicative function. In medical contexts, this sensitivity becomes particularly crucial because inaccuracies may affect patient safety, legal validity, and public health outcomes.
DEVELOPMENT AND ENHANCEMENT OF POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR MANUFACTURING AND STRENGTHENING MODERN AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS
The increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength, and durable materials in the automotive industry has accelerated the development of advanced engineering solutions. This study investigates the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials for manufacturing and strengthening modern automotive components. Epoxy-based composites reinforced with glass and carbon fibers were produced using the hand lay-up method. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and wear resistance were analyzed and compared with conventional materials including steel and aluminum alloys. The results demonstrate that the developed composites provide superior strength-to-weight ratio, improved corrosion resistance, and enhanced durability. Carbon fiber-reinforced composites exhibited the highest mechanical performance. The findings confirm that PMCs are effective alternatives to traditional materials and can significantly improve efficiency, sustainability, and performance in automotive engineering.
DESIGNING ADAPTIVE CLOTHING FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: FUNCTIONAL, ERGONOMIC AND AESTHETIC APPROACHES
The growing emphasis on inclusive environments has highlighted the importance of adaptive solutions for individuals with disabilities. This study focuses on the design of adaptive clothing for children with cerebral palsy (CP), considering their specific motor and physiological limitations. The research aims to develop theoretical foundations for designing an adaptive clothing collection that integrates functional, ergonomic, and aesthetic requirements. The study identifies key medical-functional characteristics influencing clothing design, analyzes material and construction requirements, and explores modern technological solutions such as smart textiles and 3D modeling. The findings demonstrate that properly designed adaptive clothing significantly improves comfort, independence, and social inclusion of children with CP.
ELIMINATING PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ARISING IN TEACHING STUDENTS WITH MUSCULOSKELETAL DISABILITIES IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
This article systematically analyzes the pedagogical and psychological problems that arise in the process of teaching students with musculoskeletal disabilities in vocational education institutions. It also highlights the causes of these problems, their impact on the educational process, and scientifically substantiates effective mechanisms for overcoming them. The research is based on observation, comparative analysis, and practical experience.
THE IMPACT OF READING ON VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
Vocabulary development remains a central concern in second language acquisition, as lexical knowledge directly influences learners’ ability to comprehend and produce language effectively. Among various instructional approaches, reading has consistently been identified as one of the most powerful tools for vocabulary growth. This study explores the relationship between reading practices and vocabulary development among learners of English as a second language. By examining both extensive and intensive reading approaches, the research highlights how different forms of textual exposure contribute to lexical expansion. The findings suggest that regular engagement with reading materials enhances both the breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge, while also fostering learner autonomy and long-term retention. The study emphasizes the need for integrating structured and unstructured reading activities into language learning environments.
Abduraximova Farida Komiljon qizi,Berdikulova Nigina Zokir kizi
INNOVATIVE DIRECTIONS OF INCREASING THE TOURISM CAPACITY OF NAVAI REGION
This article studies innovative directions for increasing the tourism potential of Navoi region based on scientific analysis. The possibilities of tourism development based on the natural, historical and economic resources of the region are assessed. The main trends in the development of regional tourism in recent years are analyzed based on regulatory and legal documents aimed at developing the tourism sector in the Republic of Uzbekistan and official statistical data.
Turayev Abduvohid,Toshpulatov Firdavs Khusniddinovich
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE KIDNEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
The kidney is a vital organ responsible for excretion, osmoregulation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Its histological architecture is highly specialized to perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. This article analyzes the microscopic structure of the human kidney, focusing on renal corpuscles, tubules, collecting ducts, and associated vascular networks. By correlating structure with function, the study highlights the importance of renal histology in understanding normal physiology and pathological conditions.
THE HUMAN LUNG UNDER THE MICROSCOPE: STRUCTURAL BASIS OF GAS EXCHANGE
The lung is a vital organ responsible for gas exchange, providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide. Its histological organization is highly specialized, consisting of bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, which together ensure efficient respiration. This article analyzes the microscopic structure of the human lung, highlighting the correlation between tissue architecture and respiratory function. Understanding lung histology is essential not only for medical students but also for clinicians, as structural changes in lung tissue underlie a wide range of respiratory diseases, including asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY IN ADOLESCENTS AS A FACTOR OF SOCIALIZATION
This article examines the role of psychological literacy as a key factor influencing the socialization of adolescents in contemporary society. Psychological literacy is interpreted as an integrative competence that encompasses emotional awareness, self-regulation skills, social cognition, interpersonal communication, and the ability to apply psychological knowledge in everyday situations. The study highlights how psychologically literate adolescents demonstrate higher adaptability, resilience, and constructive social behavior within peer groups and broader social environments. Particular attention is given to the relationship between psychological literacy and the development of identity, decision-making skills, conflict resolution, and prosocial tendencies. Based on theoretical analysis and empirical findings, the article argues that fostering psychological literacy in adolescents significantly enhances their social integration and supports positive trajectories of personal and social development. Practical recommendations for educators, psychologists, and parents are proposed to strengthen this competence through targeted interventions and educational programs.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN BIOLOGY: APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND PERSPECTIVES
Mathematical modeling has become an indispensable tool in modern biology, providing a framework for understanding complex living systems that cannot be fully explained through observation alone. From population dynamics to epidemiology and molecular biology, mathematical models allow researchers to test hypotheses, predict outcomes, and design interventions. This article explores the role of mathematical modeling in biological sciences, focusing on its applications, methodological approaches, and educational significance in preparing future biologists for interdisciplinary research.
DETAIL CASTING USING SECONDARY METALS IN FOUNDRY ACCORDING TO GOOST MARKINGS
This article studies the scientific and technological aspects of casting parts in accordance with GOST standards using secondary metals in foundry. During the study, the influence of the chemical composition, alloying elements and heat treatment of secondary metals on the quality and mechanical properties of the part was analyzed. In experimental work, samples made from steel and iron alloys were tested for compliance with GOST standards. The results showed that the use of secondary metals reduces production costs and extends the service life of the part. At the same time, quality and reliability can be ensured through material optimization and control of casting technology
APPLICATION OF EPOXY RESIN-BASED ANTIFRICTION COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Antifriction composite materials based on epoxy resins represent a rapidly growing area of interest in mechanical engineering due to their unique combination of low friction coefficients, high wear resistance, and excellent chemical stability. The present study investigates the tribological and mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites reinforced with solid lubricant fillers including polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), graphite, and molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) at varying weight fractions (5–30 wt.%). Specimens were produced by cold mixing and curing, and their properties were evaluated through pin-on-disk tribometry, tensile and flexural testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that the incorporation of 15 wt.% PTFE combined with 5 wt.% graphite reduces the friction coefficient from 0.42 (neat epoxy) to 0.11, while maintaining tensile strength above 62 MPa. Wear rate was decreased by a factor of 4.3 compared to the unfilled matrix. SEM analysis revealed the formation of a homogeneous tribofilm on the worn surface, responsible for the improved antifriction performance.
USE OF EPOXY RESINS IN CREATING POLYMER-CONCRETE COMPOSITES BASED ON SECONDARY POLYMER WASTE
The growing accumulation of secondary polymer waste poses significant environmental and economic challenges for industrial regions. The use of recycled polymers — including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) — as functional components in construction composites represents a promising direction for waste valorization. This study investigates the effect of epoxy resin (ED-20) as a binding matrix on the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-concrete composites incorporating 10–30 wt.% of secondary polymer fillers. Specimens were prepared via hot-mixing and cold-curing techniques, followed by mechanical testing in accordance with GOST standards. Results demonstrate that the optimal composite formulation containing 20 wt.% recycled PP granulate and 15 wt.% ED-20 epoxy binder achieved a compressive strength of 52.4 MPa — a 34% improvement over conventional cement-sand mortar — alongside a water absorption reduction of 61% and a density decrease of 12%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed strong interfacial adhesion between epoxy matrix and polymer filler particles. The proposed composite formulations are economically viable, reducing raw material costs by 15–22% while supporting circular economy principles. These findings confirm the feasibility of implementing secondary polymer waste in epoxy-based polymer-concrete systems for flooring, chemical-resistant coatings, and structural repair applications.
RECYCLING TRENDS OF PRODUCTION WASTE FROM BASALT FIBER-BASED THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of current and emerging recycling trends for basalt fiber insulation production waste, based on a review of 65 scientific and technical sources published between 2015 and 2024. Four principal recycling routes are identified and evaluated: (1) re-melting and re-fiberization, (2) utilization as a reinforcing filler in cementitious and geopolymer composites, (3) incorporation as a sintering additive in ceramic production, and (4) application as a modifier in asphalt road mixtures. Comparative quantitative assessment shows that composite filler applications achieve waste utilization rates of 80–95% and reduce raw material costs by 25–35%, while improving compressive strength of concrete by 12–27%. Re-melting, though technically mature, is energy-intensive and limited to clean fiber trimmings. Geopolymer-based applications offer the most promising pathway for processing dust fractions (< 5 μm). The findings demonstrate that a multi-route recycling strategy, tailored to specific waste types and local industrial conditions, can significantly advance the circular economy in the basalt fiber sector.
TRIBOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF TiO₂ AND Al₂O₃-FILLED UHMWPE COMPOSITES FOR HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLE BODY LINER APPLICATIONS
Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is widely recognized for its outstanding abrasion resistance and chemical inertness; however, its relatively low stiffness and moderate thermal stability limit its performance as a structural liner material in heavy-duty vehicle bodies subjected to cyclic impact and sliding contact. This study investigates the effect of TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ micro-particle reinforcements, individually and in binary combination, on the tribological and mechanical properties of UHMWPE-based composites intended for load-bearing automotive liner applications. Seven composite formulations with filler contents ranging from 5 to 20 wt.% were fabricated by hot compression molding at 180 °C and evaluated for tensile strength, elongation at break, Shore D hardness, wear rate (pin-on-disc, 25 N / 0.5 m·s⁻¹), coefficient of friction (CoF), impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT). The binary-filled UHMWPE-T10A10 composite exhibited the most favorable balance: tensile strength increased by 61.6% (36.2 MPa vs. 22.4 MPa for neat UHMWPE), Shore D hardness improved by 14 units, wear rate decreased by 59.8% (1.94 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m), and HDT rose from 78 °C to 101 °C. These improvements are attributed to synergistic reinforcement and enhanced interfacial load transfer between the oxide particles and the UHMWPE matrix. The results confirm that dual-oxide UHMWPE composites represent a promising, cost-effective alternative to metallic and conventional polymer liners for dump truck bodies, mining conveyor scrapers, and heavy transport loading platforms.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS PRODUCED THROUGH QUALITY CONTROL OF GRANULATED NANOPARTICLES WITH SIO2 INCLUSIONS
The global demand for high-efficiency energy conversion systems has put nanostructured thermoelectric (TE) materials at the forefront of materials science. This study provides an in-depth investigation into the synergistic effects of SiO2 nanoparticle granulation and rigorous quality control (QC) on the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT). Silicon dioxide, acting as a secondary phase, was processed through a precise spray-drying technique to form controlled granulated precursors. Our findings demonstrate that maintaining a strict granule size distribution and structural integrity during Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) leads to a dramatic reduction in lattice thermal conductivity κ1 by 35-40 %. The study highlights how quality-controlled granulation prevents the common pitfalls of nanoparticle agglomeration, thereby maintaining electrical conductivity while enhancing phonon scattering. This methodology offers a scalable pathway for the industrial production of high-performance TE modules for waste heat recovery.
DISTRIBUTION OF LOCALIZED ENERGY LEVELS IN GLASSY SEMICONDUCTORS
This study examines the distribution of localized energy states in glassy (amorphous) semiconductors and their impact on the electronic properties of disordered materials. Due to the absence of long-range atomic order, localized states are formed within the energy gap, including band-tail states near the band edges and deep defect states in the middle of the gap. These states significantly influence charge carrier transport, electrical conductivity, and optical absorption. The analysis highlights the role of structural disorder and defects in determining the density of states and the mechanisms of hopping conduction. The results contribute to a better understanding of electronic processes in amorphous semiconductors and their applications in modern optoelectronic devices.
ION MIGRATION MODEL IN PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS
Ion migration in perovskite solar cells critically influences device performance, stability, and hysteresis behavior. This study presents a comprehensive model describing ionic transport mechanisms within hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite structures, focusing on vacancy-assisted migration of halide ions and mobile cations under internal electric fields. The model integrates drift–diffusion equations with electrostatic coupling to account for time-dependent ion redistribution and its impact on charge carrier dynamics. Particular attention is given to the interaction between ionic defects and electronic processes, including recombination and band bending at interfaces. Numerical simulations reveal that ion accumulation at selective contacts leads to transient photovoltaic responses and long-term degradation pathways. The proposed framework provides insights into mitigating hysteresis and enhancing operational stability through material engineering and interface optimization. These findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of ion–electron coupling and offer practical strategies for improving the efficiency and durability of next-generation perovskite photovoltaic devices.
FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES OF BIO-SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
This study examines the ion migration model in perovskite solar cells, emphasizing its fundamental role in device performance, stability, and hysteresis behavior. Ion migration, primarily associated with the movement of halide ions and vacancies under an internal electric field, significantly affects charge transport and recombination dynamics. The work analyzes the mechanisms of ionic drift and diffusion, their coupling with electronic carriers, and their influence on current–voltage characteristics. A comprehensive model is developed to describe time-dependent ionic redistribution and its impact on internal electric fields and interfacial processes. Particular attention is given to defect chemistry, activation energies, and the role of grain boundaries as fast ion migration pathways. The results provide insight into degradation phenomena and operational instability, offering strategies to suppress ion migration through material engineering, compositional tuning, and interface optimization. This research contributes to improving the long-term efficiency and reliability of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices.
CORROSION OF THE WORKING PART OF MINING EXCAVATORS
This article analyzes the corrosion processes occurring in the working parts of mining excavators and their causes. Mechanical wear, abrasive wear and corrosion processes are studied on the example of excavator tracks, coatings and cutting tools. The study investigated the influence of steel composition, alloying elements, operating conditions and maintenance parameters on corrosion. The results provide recommendations for extending the service life of working parts and increasing technical efficiency. The article is of current importance for the fields of mining equipment, metallurgy and mechanical engineering.
SUBSTITUTION OF PRODUCING EAT-RESISTANT STEEL FROM SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS (USED IN THE EXAMPLE OF EXCAVATOR SHOE)
This article discusses the scientific and technological foundations for obtaining wear-resistant steel from secondary raw materials. Particular attention is paid to the optimization of the chemical composition of steel for excavator buckets operating in conditions of intense abrasive wear. The economic and environmental advantages of using secondary metal resources are substantiated. Experimental studies have shown that the correct selection of alloying elements allows you to form a structure with high wear resistance. The use of this approach helps to reduce energy costs, reduce waste and improve product quality. The results obtained can be effectively used in mechanical engineering and the mining industry to increase the service life of equipment.
COMPUTER VISION-BASED AUTOMATED DETECTION OF CASTING DEFECTS IN ШХ15 BEARING RINGS
This study presents a computer vision-based system for automated detection and classification of casting defects in ШХ15 (AISI 52100 / 100Cr6) bearing rings produced from secondary metallic materials. A dataset of 2,400 surface images was collected from bearing ring specimens manufactured by centrifugal and gravity casting methods at different recycled material ratios (20–80%). Images were captured using an industrial CCD camera at 5 megapixel resolution under controlled illumination. Four defect categories were defined: porosity, hot cracks, shrinkage cavities, and non-metallic inclusions. Three convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures — custom lightweight CNN, ResNet-50, and VGG-16 — were trained and evaluated using transfer learning. The fine-tuned ResNet-50 model achieved the best overall performance with accuracy of 96.8%, precision of 95.4%, recall of 96.1%, and F1-score of 95.7%. Porosity was detected with the highest accuracy (98.3%), while non-metallic inclusions presented the greatest classification challenge (93.2%). The developed system enables real-time inspection at 12 images per second, providing a practical alternative to manual visual inspection in bearing ring quality control.
ML-BASED PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ShKh15 BEARING STEEL OBTAINED FROM SECONDARY MATERIALS
This study presents a machine learning-based approach for predicting the mechanical properties of ShKh15 (AISI 52100) bearing steel produced from secondary raw materials. A dataset comprising 180 experimental samples with varying chemical compositions, heat treatment parameters (austenitizing temperature 820–880°C, tempering temperature 150–250°C), and recycled material ratios (20–80%) was compiled from laboratory testing. Three ML models — Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR) — were trained and evaluated for predicting Rockwell hardness (HRC), tensile strength (σb), and impact toughness (KCU). The ANN model with architecture 9-64-32-3 achieved the best performance with R² = 0.9724 for hardness and RMSE = 0.87 HRC. Feature importance analysis identified recycled material ratio (31.4%), austenitizing temperature (22.8%), and carbon content deviation (18.6%) as the most influential parameters. The developed models enable rapid property estimation during bearing steel production from secondary materials, potentially reducing quality control testing by 45–55%.
QUALITY OF 3D PRINTED (ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING) MATERIALS: MICROSTRUCTURE, MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE, AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has transformed modern materials engineering by enabling complex geometries, reduced material waste, and rapid prototyping. Despite these advantages, the quality of AM-produced materials remains a critical challenge, influenced by microstructural heterogeneity, porosity, residual stresses, and anisotropic mechanical behavior. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the factors affecting the quality of metallic, polymeric, and composite 3D printed materials. Key microstructural characteristics, process parameters, post-processing techniques, and quality assessment methodologies are analyzed. Strategies for optimizing material performance through parameter control, heat treatment, and surface finishing are discussed. Emerging approaches such as in-situ monitoring, machine learning-based process optimization, and multi-material printing are evaluated. The study concludes with perspectives on future research directions to achieve high-quality, reliable AM components suitable for aerospace, biomedical, and industrial applications [1].
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF IRON-BASED ALLOYS TO LOCALIZED (PITTING) CORROSION
Localized corrosion, particularly pitting corrosion, represents one of the most critical degradation mechanisms affecting iron-based alloys. Unlike uniform corrosion, pitting leads to the formation of small, deep cavities that can cause catastrophic failure with minimal overall material loss. This paper investigates the susceptibility of iron-based alloys—including carbon steels, low-alloy steels, and stainless steels—to pitting corrosion. The study explores the influence of environmental factors such as chloride concentration, pH, and temperature, as well as metallurgical parameters including microstructure, alloying composition, and surface condition. Experimental electrochemical testing methods, including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are analyzed alongside microscopic characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate that alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, and nickel significantly improve resistance to pitting by stabilizing passive films. However, defects in the passive layer, inclusions, and aggressive ions can initiate pit formation. The study concludes with recommendations for improving corrosion resistance through alloy design, surface treatment, and environmental control strategies [1].
APPLICATION OF POLYMER PIPES IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Polymer pipes have become an essential component in various sectors of the national economy due to their durability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of installation. These pipes, made primarily from materials such as polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP), offer significant advantages over traditional metal and concrete pipes, including corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, and lightweight properties. Their use spans agriculture, water supply, sewage systems, industrial applications, and infrastructure development. This paper explores the technological, economic, and environmental benefits of polymer pipes, examining their role in enhancing resource efficiency and reducing maintenance costs in public utilities and industrial sectors. Through detailed analysis, the study highlights the increasing adoption of polymer pipes and forecasts their impact on sustainable economic growth. Additionally, challenges related to recycling and long-term environmental effects are discussed, providing a comprehensive overview of polymer pipes in the context of the national economy.
METHODS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR OBTAINING SULFONATED CELLULOSE USING COTTON LINT
This study presents a controlled synthesis method for sulfonated cellulose (SCel) derived from cotton lint, an abundant agricultural by-product in Uzbekistan. By systematically varying the molar ratio of sodium bisulfite to anhydroglucose units (AGU), reaction temperature, and duration, a series of SCel samples with a tunable degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.15 to 0.65 was successfully produced. The chemical modification and structural evolution were thoroughly investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR, HSQC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG/DSC). FTIR and NMR analyses confirmed the successful introduction of sulfonate groups (), with primary substitution occurring at the C6 position and secondary substitution at C2/C3 at higher DS levels. XRD results indicated a progressive decrease in crystallinity index from 78% to 41% with increasing DS, reflecting the amorphization of the cellulose structure due to sulfonate group incorporation and hydrogen bond disruption. TGA demonstrated a significant enhancement in thermal stability, with the onset decomposition temperature increasing by up to 30°C compared to native cellulose. The synthesized SCel materials, with tailored DS and improved thermal properties, show high potential for applications in demanding environments, such as high-temperature drilling fluids, adsorbents, and functional polymer composites.
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS: MOVING FORWARD WHILE REFLECTING ON THE PAST
The core of thermoelectrics, the most straightforward method for direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, is high-performance thermoelectric materials. The subject of thermoelectric materials research has halted multiple times in the last 60 years, but new paradigms have revitalized it each time. A number of potentially revolutionary mechanisms made possible by defects, size effects, critical phenomena, anharmonicity, and the spin degree of freedom are reviewed in this article. In order to improve material performance, these mechanisms separate the normally negatively correlated physical quantities. A variety of promising materials, sophisticated methods for material synthesis and preparation, and fresh prospects are also briefly discussed. If the current trend in thermoelectric materials development continues into the near future, the landscape of renewable energy will change.
Thermoelectric materials, which can be utilized as solid-state Peltier coolers or to produce power from waste heat, may be crucial to a worldwide sustainable energy solution. Finding materials with greater thermoelectric efficiency than those now on the market is necessary for such a development, but this is difficult due to the contradictory combination of material properties needed. However, a new era of complicated thermoelectric materials is emerging due to contemporary synthesis and characterization methods, especially for nanoscale materials. We examine current developments in the sector, emphasizing methods for enhancing thermopower and lowering thermal conductivity.
Polymer-based sewer pipes are revolutionizing wastewater infrastructure due to their exceptional longevity, chemical resistance, and ease of installation. Traditional sewer systems made from materials like concrete, clay, and metal often suffer from corrosion, degradation, and structural fatigue over time. In contrast, polymer sewer pipes—particularly those made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polypropylene (PP)—demonstrate long service lives exceeding 50 years, often reaching up to a century with minimal maintenance. This paper investigates the properties, performance, and advantages of long-lasting polymer sewer pipes through comprehensive literature reviews, field data, and comparative analysis with conventional pipe materials. This paper concludes that long-lasting polymer sewer pipes offer a sustainable, cost-effective, and technically superior alternative to traditional sewer infrastructure. With increasing urbanization and climate change pressures, the need for resilient and adaptable sewer solutions is critical. Polymer pipes, with their proven performance and adaptability, are poised to play a pivotal role in future-proofing urban sanitation systems.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE PROCESS FOR OBTAINING L-TYPE ZEOLITES FROM ANGREN KAOLIN RAW MATERIAL
The article presents the possibility of obtaining microporous adsorbents using Angren kaolin. Structural changes in kaolin during extraction with an adsorbent were also studied. A scheme for obtaining L-sorbents is presented.
REQUIREMENTS FOR TRACTOR PLOWS AND THEIR OPERATING CONDITIONS
This study presents a systematic analysis of the requirements imposed on tractor-mounted and trailed plows, including soil engagement conditions, draft force characteristics, working depth regulation, furrow quality standards, and frame rigidity criteria. The physical basis of soil cutting and inversion mechanics is examined in relation to moldboard geometry and share profile design. Experimental data from field trials conducted on loam and clay-loam soils at working depths of 20–30 cm are presented and analyzed. Results demonstrate that compliance with standardized requirements for share hardness (HRC 52–58), clearance angles (15–25°), and tractor–plow power matching reduces specific draft energy consumption by 18–24% and extends operational service life by 30–40% compared to non-compliant configurations. The findings provide practical guidelines for plow selection, adjustment, and maintenance under diverse agro-technical conditions.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE FORMATION OF SILICON–METAL COMPOSITE THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the physicochemical mechanisms and technological features involved in the formation of silicon-based metal composite materials. Alkali metal atoms were introduced into the silicon crystal lattice using a contact method based on the incorporation of metallic particles, and their interaction with the lattice structure was analyzed in detail. In the subsequent stage, thermal treatment processes were carried out to examine the formation mechanisms of composite phases, diffusion behavior, and structural reorganization phenomena. The obtained results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of metal atoms, microstructural evolution, and morphological changes significantly influence the thermoelectric and electrical conductivity properties of the material. In addition, it was established that the optimization of doping levels and thermal treatment parameters plays a crucial role in controlling the material properties. The findings of this research provide an important scientific basis for the development of high-performance silicon-based thermoelectric composite materials, expanding their functional capabilities and enhancing their potential for practical applications.
FORMATION OF THERMAL PHENOMENA IN METAL–COMPOSITE CONTACTS AND THEIR MANIFESTATION LAWS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of thermal phenomena occurring in metal–composite contacts, their formation mechanisms, and the laws governing their manifestation. In modern electronic and electrical engineering devices, metal–semiconductor composite contacts play a crucial role, particularly silicon-based contact systems, which exhibit high efficiency. Therefore, a detailed study of thermal processes in such systems is of significant scientific importance. Within the scope of this study, composite contacts based on silicon (Si) and various metal elements—iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and tin (Sn)—were investigated. The selection of these materials was based on significant differences in their physical, electrical, and thermal properties. Heat generation in metal–composite contacts is primarily explained by the Joule–Lenz effect induced by electric current flow. In this case, the amount of generated heat increases proportionally to the square of the current, contact resistance, and time. Furthermore, the study examines the influence of microstructural changes, diffusion processes, and phase transformations occurring at the contact interface on thermal behavior. In particular, at elevated temperatures, diffusion of metal atoms into silicon modifies the structure of the contact region, thereby affecting both thermal conductivity and electrical resistance. The results show that Si–Cu composite contacts possess high thermal conductivity, enabling efficient heat dissipation and reduced local heating. In contrast, Si–Sn composite contacts exhibit greater heat accumulation due to low melting temperature and poor thermal conductivity, which reduces their stability. In Si–Ni and Si–Fe systems, oxidation and diffusion processes are more pronounced.
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING CERAMICS PRODUCTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDATIONS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the composition, properties and practical application efficiency of building ceramic products. In the course of the research, the physical-mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of ceramic materials are studied, and factors affecting their quality indicators are identified. The advantages and disadvantages of ceramic products produced using modern technologies are assessed. Scientific and practical recommendations are also developed to improve product quality and improve economic efficiency. The results obtained serve to expand the possibilities of effective use of ceramic materials in the construction industry and are of great importance in optimizing industrial production processes.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF A THERAPEUTIC PASTE PREPARED FROM MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS AS A BIOACTIVE FOOD SUPPLEMENT
This article describes the bioactive therapeutic ingredients used in the formulation of the dietary supplement called “ASTOL” formulated from nettle (Urtica dioica) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). This research focuses on the composition of the supplement chemically, and underlines the presence of over 60 essential macro- and microelements that are needed for balancing metabolism and maintaining physiological functions. One specific element to be evaluated in this research was the antioxidant activity of “ASTOL” that included the inhibiting of adrenaline autooxidation. Based on the testing results, the supplement has high antioxidant activity as shown in above 10% results, indicating possible active properties towards reducing oxidative stress and free radicals. Furthermore, the article explains toxicological and pharmacological findings from the evaluation as part of the work of “ASTOL” safety analysis. Acute toxicity assays were carried out, using the OECD 2002 process and administered orally in designated dosages. This study found that the LD50 value in the supplement is over 2000 mg/kg, proving the lower degree of toxicity for this material, as well as a very high tolerance to toxicity. Additional evaluations of its anti-inflammatory activity also produced encouraging results, suggesting “ASTOL” represents a valuable therapeutic candidate for inflammatory disorders.
STUDY OF THE AMOUNT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN “ASTOL’’
This article presents the healing and beneficial aspects of hippophae rhamnoides and utrica plants. The amount of phenolic compounds in chakanda and gazanda plants was studied by high-quality liquid chromatography.
EVALUATION OF THE ACUTE TOXICITY PROPERTIES OF THE “ASTOL” FOOD SUPPLEMENT
This article discusses the research conducted to assess the acute toxicity properties of the “ASTOL” food supplement, which is composed of medicinal plant components. According to the research results, no fatalities were observed during the trials conducted at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, indicating its safety. Based on OECD standards, the“ASTOL” food supplement is classified as a non-toxic substance and belongs to class V (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg). This confirms its safety and lack of negative effects on the body. The results obtained show that the “ASTOL” food supplement can be recommended as a new, safe, and effective supplement for the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
THE ESSENCE OF THE RESEARCH OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CAST IRONS ON THE INVENTOR METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE OXION INVERSION OX.2653 PLMI
This article investigates the microstructure of cast irons using a metallographic microscope. Various types including white, gray, malleable, and modified cast irons were analyzed. The analysis revealed differences in graphite shape and the structure of the metal matrix. In gray iron, graphite appears in flake form; in malleable iron — as nodular particles. These results are significant for enhancing mechanical properties and selecting suitable applications for cast iron materials.
PROCESS OF ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND ALLOYS ON AN INVERTER METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE OF THE OXION INVERSION OX.2653 PLMI BRAND
In this article, the microstructure of non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminum and babbitt and their alloys was analyzed using an Oxion Inversio OX.2653 PLMi metallographic microscope. The physicochemical and structural properties of each metal and alloy — grain size, phase composition, modification effects — were evaluated based on microphotoanalysis. The results obtained substantiate the possibilities of using these metals as structural and antifriction materials. The article is useful for specialists conducting research in the fields of materials science, mechanical engineering and metal analysis.
THE INFLUENCE OF THERMAL TREATMENT PROCESS ON THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
This study explores the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel. The research involved applying quenching and tempering processes to various steel samples. The microstructure before and after quenching was examined using the Oxion Inversion OX.2653 PLMi metallographic microscope. Hardness was measured using the THBRV-187.5DX testing device. The results show that cooling rate, heating temperature, and cooling media have a direct impact on the resulting structure. It was found that the formation of metastable structures such as martensite, sorbite, and troostite significantly improves the mechanical strength of steel
DESIGNING THE GOALS AND CONTENT OF PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF IMPROVING TEACHERS’ SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCIES
This article covers the content of social professional activity, aimed at solving the tasks of designing the goals and content of professional activity from the perspective of improving the socio-pedagogical competencies of teachers, as well as the content of social professional activity, which is carried out with the help of pedagogical influence tools. In the process of this activity, the teacher's pedagogical skills in teaching, guiding, educating, organizing educational and educational work, as well as promoting presidential decrees and resolutions, government orders are reflected. This article considers the need to create a special educational environment that will help develop practical skills in designing the goals and content of professional activity from the perspective of improving the socio-pedagogical competencies of teachers
Tadjibayeva Sabina Alisher kizi, Nabiulina Luiza Mahmudovna
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the formation and development of the Olympic movement in Uzbekistan from historical, institutional, and socio-sport perspectives. The study explores the establishment of the National Olympic Committee, integration into the international Olympic system, and the development of national sports infrastructure. It also examines the achievements of Uzbek athletes in the Olympic Games and the social significance of sport in youth development and national identity formation. The results show that consistent state support and reforms have significantly strengthened Uzbekistan’s position in the global Olympic movement.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article explores the implementation and effectiveness of modern pedagogical technologies in the educational process, particularly within general education settings. The study is based on a qualitative analysis of pedagogical literature, teaching practices, and innovative instructional approaches. It examines how modern technologies, including interactive teaching methods, information and communication technologies (ICT), project-based learning, and collaborative strategies, contribute to enhancing student engagement, motivation, and academic performance. The findings indicate that these technologies support the development of critical thinking, creativity, communication skills, and learner autonomy. Moreover, they transform the traditional teacher-centered model into a more dynamic, student-centered learning environment. However, the study also identifies several challenges, such as insufficient teacher training, limited technical resources, and resistance to change. The results suggest that effective implementation of modern pedagogical technologies requires systematic support, continuous professional development, and improved infrastructure. Overall, the study highlights the importance of integrating innovative teaching approaches to prepare students for the demands of the modern world
Abdisharipova Mahliyo Ruzimboyevna, Yusupova Dilorom Karimboy qizi,Raximova Mushtariy Shokir qizi
DIDACTIC POSSIBILITIES OF THE “READING” SUBJECT
In the effective organization of primary education, the subject “Reading” occupies a central place. The importance of teaching this subject at this stage of continuous education is determined by the breadth of its didactic potential. In particular, the process of teaching reading addresses a range of tasks aimed at developing students’ literacy, enriching their speech, improving thinking abilities, broadening their worldview, strengthening communication and socialization skills, fostering artistic imagination and creativity, and forming skills for working with information, as well as cultivating a reading culture. The article highlights the characteristics of the didactic opportunities manifested in the teaching of the subject “Reading”.
LEGAL REGULATION OF SMALL BUSINESSES AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the legal regulation of small business entities and its impact on economic efficiency. In particular, the importance of the regulatory framework, state policy and reforms aimed at supporting small business in Uzbekistan is revealed. It also substantiates the positive impact of improving the mechanisms for regulating entrepreneurial activity on economic growth, employment levels and the investment climate. The article puts forward legal conditions necessary for the effective organization of the activities of small business entities and proposals for their further development.
THE ROLE OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING IN STUDENTS
This article provides a detailed analysis of the role and importance of independent learning in developing students’ creative thinking. It examines the essence and educational potential of independent learning and how it contributes to improving educational effectiveness. Additionally, it evaluates modern pedagogical approaches such as problem-based learning, project-based activities, and interactive methods as key tools for fostering creativity. The study emphasizes the significance of organizing independent learning effectively to enhance students’ critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and ability to generate innovative ideas.
DESIGNING NATIVE LANGUAGE LESSONS BASED ON MODERN PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES
This article discusses the implementation of modern and innovative approaches in teaching the native language, moving away from traditional methods. It analyzes the importance of the communicative approach, digital technologies, and interactive methods in lesson design.
Ernazarova Laylo Abdusaitovna,Turayeva Shakhnoza Sharifjon kizi
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF VIRTUAL BANKING IN THE IOT PROCESS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ERA
Modern banks are providing appropriate contextualized service and advice enriching the interaction between clients. Biometrics – voice or touch – can simplify account access in these new “anywhere” digital channels. This will eliminate barriers associated with in-person, paper-based transactions and enable clients to conduct business even when they cannot be physically available in bank.
SYNERGETIC APPROACH TO SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF HEARING LOSS
By the method of synergetic modeling, the mechanisms of development of hearing loss in humans with age have been investigated. A synergetic model for studying the auditory qualities of a person has been built and the dependence of human auditory qualities with his physiological state has been studied.
ARTICLE TOPIC: PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION ON THE WORLDVIEW OF YOUTH
This article analyzes the psychological characteristics of the influence of information flows on the formation of the worldview of youth in an information society. The study highlights cognitive changes, susceptibility to information manipulation, and psychological defense mechanisms observed in young people during information consumption.
Nematova Maftuna Ismatovna,Ramazonov Jahongir Jalolovich
THE ROLE OF GAME TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING CHILDREN'S SPEECH
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of using game-based technologies in the development of children's speech, particularly in improving sound pronunciation. The study substantiates the positive impact of play activity on speech development and highlights methods for forming correct pronunciation skills through interactive and didactic games.
Toshmurodova Lola Qayum kizi, Ayupova M.Y.
PROTECTING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE DIGITAL SPACE: LEGAL MECHANISMS AGAINST CYBER VIOLENCE
This article is dedicated to the study of protecting women’s rights in the digital space and effective legal mechanisms against cyber violence. The article pays particular attention to risks emerging in the online environment as a result of the development of modern information and communication technologies, including sexual discrimination, threats, harassment, and cyberattacks. Moreover, the article analyzes practical legal mechanisms in Uzbekistan and foreign countries, including laws, regulatory documents, and international standards. The findings of the article indicate that effective monitoring, preventive measures, and the development of online reporting systems can reduce cyber violence against women.
STATE POLICY IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY: THE EXPERIENCE OF UZBEKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
This article is dedicated to studying the role and effectiveness of state policy in ensuring gender equality. The work analyzes the experience of Uzbekistan and international standards, reviewing political measures implemented to promote gender equality. The article examines practical actions aimed at protecting women’s rights and involving them in social and economic activities through state institutions, the education system, labor market opportunities, and social support mechanisms.
LEGAL GUARANTEES FOR THE PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND ISSUES OF ITS IMPROVEMENT
This article analyzes existing legal guarantees for preventing violence against women and examines issues regarding their improvement. The article examines modern methods of protecting women's rights, practical results, and existing shortcomings. At the same time, based on international experience and modern approaches, measures that can be strengthened in the legal system of Uzbekistan are recommended. The article reveals strategies aimed at increasing the effectiveness of legal mechanisms in preventing violence against women.
MODELS FOR DEVELOPING WRITTEN COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS
The usage of integration of digital technologies in different types of education has transformed the ways in which learners can develop written communication skills as well. This current research examines various effective ways for enhancing and improving writing proficiency within digital learning environments, including online, blended, and hybrid contexts. Using an empirical-descriptive approach, this study analyzed student performance across collaborative writing platforms, structured tasks, and automated feedback systems. The results of this research show important improvements in coherence, grammatical accuracy, lexical diversity, and overall communicative effectiveness. Furthermore, collaborative and feedback-integrated instructional models proved particularly effective in fostering learner engagement, autonomy, and self-regulated learning. The findings provide practical guidance for educators seeking to design evidence-based digital writing instruction that promotes both cognitive and social dimensions of skill development.
EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERNATIONAL DOUBLE TAXATION AVOIDANCE TREATIES
This study analyzes the effectiveness of international Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements in the context of Uzbekistan. It examines legal, economic, and institutional dimensions of tax treaties, focusing on their role in eliminating double taxation, attracting foreign direct investment, and improving tax administration efficiency. The findings indicate that Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements significantly enhance investment inflows and legal certainty, while also supporting structural modernization of the tax system.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TECHNOLOGY-INTEGRATED ACTIVITIES IN ENHANCING SPEAKING SKILLS OF UPPER SECONDARY EFL STUDENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN UZBEKISTAN AND LITHUANIA
This comparative study investigates the effectiveness of technology-integrated activities in developing English speaking proficiency among 10th–11th grade EFL students in Uzbekistan and Lithuania. Drawing on recent empirical research from both countries, the study compares digital tools (mobile applications, augmented reality, English-language media, and blended learning) used in Uzbekistan with phenomenon-based learning (PhenoBL) and video creation practices in Lithuania. The findings demonstrate that technology-integrated activities significantly improve students’ speaking confidence, reduce anxiety, enhance fluency and vocabulary use, and increase motivation. In Uzbekistan, digital resources help overcome limited classroom speaking practice, while in Lithuania, PhenoBL combined with technology fosters real-life communication and emancipates students from fear of mistakes. The study highlights both opportunities and challenges, such as teacher training and infrastructure gaps. Practical recommendations for EFL teachers and policymakers are provided to support effective technology integration in upper secondary education.
TEACHING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE IN THE 21ST CENTURY
The current worldwide interconnected system needs intercultural communication studies as an academic field which requires educational methods that go beyond standard language teaching techniques. This article examines the evolution of intercultural communication teaching in higher education through its theoretical framework and current teaching difficulties which show how the field developed through its need to handle growing multicultural professional settings. The research results demonstrate that effective intercultural communication teaching needs to include essential cultural understanding and practical learning experiences and digital competency development and should focus on teaching power structures and cultural essentialism.
This article deals with the reflection of ethnographic and ethnographic units in dictionaries and their content as a linguistic phenomenon, as well as semantic classifications.
USING CORPUS METHODS TO STUDY CHANGES IN THE VOCABULARY OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
This article examines the role of corpus methods in studying changes in the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. In contemporary linguistics, vocabulary is viewed as the most dynamic layer of language, as it immediately reflects social, political, cultural, scientific, and technological transformations. The rapid development of digital communication, globalization, media discourse, and professional terminology has significantly influenced lexical processes in Russian, leading to the emergence of neologisms, semantic shifts, borrowing, changes in word frequency, and the transformation of stylistic functions of lexical units. The study emphasizes that corpus linguistics provides powerful tools for identifying and analyzing lexical change on the basis of authentic language material. Unlike traditional lexicographic or purely descriptive approaches, corpus methods make it possible to observe language in actual use, compare lexical behavior across time periods, track the productivity of specific words and word-formation models, and detect contextual meanings in various discourse types. The use of corpora allows researchers to move from isolated examples to systematic empirical observation, which increases the objectivity and reliability of linguistic conclusions.
Ismoilova Nasiba Saitmurod kizi, Khudoyorova Gulnora Nuriddinovna
ABU ALI IBN SINO’S VIEWS ON EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING
Abu Ali ibn Sino, one of the greatest scholars of the Eastern Renaissance, left an invaluable scientific and spiritual heritage not only in medicine, but also in pedagogy, ethics, and philosophy. His views on education and upbringing are aimed at the comprehensive development of the individual, including intellectual, moral, and physical perfection. Ibn Sino considered knowledge, good manners, discipline, and a healthy lifestyle to be the main foundations of human maturity. This article analyzes Ibn Sino’s pedagogical ideas, the essence of education, methods of upbringing, the role of the family and environment, and the importance of his views in modern educational practice. The study shows that his ideas remain relevant today and can serve as an important theoretical basis for forming a harmoniously developed generation.
STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF MACRO-AND MICROELEMENTS EXCHANGE IN CHILDREN LIVING IN THE SOUTHERN ARAL COAST
In this scientific research work, the prevalence, gender and age-related characteristics, and clinical and laboratory indicators of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among children aged 5–17 years in Family Polyclinic No. 3 in Nukus were studied. The study included 160 children with IDA and 56 almost healthy children. The results showed a higher incidence of IDA in girls (60%) and a high prevalence in the age group of 9–12 years. Laboratory tests revealed a decrease in hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and serum iron levels.
O’razboyeva Kamola, Maturazova Elmira Matiyazovna
OPTIMIZATION OF TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF A POTATO HARVESTING MACHINE USING THE METHOD OF MATHEMATICAL PLANNING
In the article from the Centrifugal Lifting Rod Elevator (CLRE) equipped potato backhoe loader worker parameters mathematician planning method using optimization results. The experiments are based on the Hartley-4 plan. Based on held, four incoming factor (drum) rotations number, elastic drum width, elevator speed, worker (of) soil communication rate (Y1, %) and of the nodes damage (Y2, %) impact learned. Obtained second level regression the equations are Fisher and Student criteria based on checked. Optimization as a result of the car high efficiency provider acceptable values detected: drum rotations number of 120 rpm, elevator speed 0.94 m/s, working slot 0.010 m. Field tests as a result soil 81.62% penetration, nodes damage by 5.74% reached. These indicators to the traditional KKS-1.4 combine 10-12% higher than efficiency provides.
ODONTOMA: A MYSTERIOUS FORMATION IN THE JAW IS NOT A TUMOR, BUT A DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECT
This article examines odontoma, the most common benign odontogenic lesion, which in modern dentistry is considered a hamartoma (a developmental defect) rather than a true tumor. It describes in detail the etiology, classification (complex and compound forms), and the characteristic asymptomatic clinical presentation, the main manifestation of which is delayed eruption of permanent teeth. Particular attention is paid to diagnostic methods, among which computed tomography plays a key role, and the only treatment method—surgical removal (enucleation). The importance of differential diagnosis and the favorable prognosis with timely treatment are emphasized.
Mahmudbekova Muslima Rovshanbek qizi,Abdulazizova Mamura Abdurazzoq qizi,Zaripova Azizaxon Saidjonovna,Safarboeva Shirin Nurlanovna,Polatov Abdulloh
THE PLACE OF THE VERB IN THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONAL-LOGICAL PROPERTIES
This article analyzes the central role of the verb in the language system, focusing on its morphological, syntactic, and functional-semantic features. Special attention is given to predicativity and grammatical categories such as tense, mood, and voice. The study reveals the importance of the verb as a core element of speech structure.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF THE LEXICOLOGY OF FARMING IN THE KHOREZM DIALECT
This scientific article studies the linguistic nature of the vocabulary of farming in the Khorezm dialect based on a complex and systematic approach. Within the framework of the study, the phonetic transformations, lexical-semantic structures, morphological construction and etymological layers of this lexical layer are analyzed in detail. Also, the natural and geographical features of the Khorezm region, irrigation systems and factors related to the historical development of agriculture are considered as important determinants in the formation of this terminology. The results of the study substantiate the importance of the vocabulary of farming in the Khorezm dialect in the historical development and territorial differentiation of the Uzbek language and show that it is a multilayered, dynamic and functional system.
CHARGED SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC BLACK HOLE SOLUTION WITH A -PARAMETER
In this work, we investigate a static and spherically symmetric charged black hole solution in the presence of a dimensionless parameter . Starting from the Einstein-Maxwell field equations, we derive an exact analytical form of the metric function. The horizon structure is analyzed in detail by solving the corresponding cubic equation. Thermodynamic quantities such as surface gravity and Hawking temperature are also discussed. The obtained solution reduces to the standard Reissner-Nordström black hole in the appropriate limit.
CHALLENGES FACED BY MEDICAL STUDENTS WHEN LEARNING A SECOND LANGUAGE.
This article examines the major challenges faced by medical students while learning a second language. It highlights factors such as academic workload, complexity of medical terminology, lack of practice, and psychological barriers. The study also discusses strategies that can help students overcome these difficulties. The findings suggest that consistent practice, exposure to medical language, and supportive learning environments play a crucial role in improving language proficiency among medical students.
CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COOLING SYSTEMS BASED ON SOLAR ENERGY
The article discusses the importance of solar energy cooling systems in the effective use of renewable energy sources in times of energy shortage, the results of research that can significantly increase the efficiency of the system through experimental results and analysis, various modifications, design solutions and control systems.
Qayumov Dilshod Abdug‘ofur ugli,Yuldashev Jo‘rabek Go‘ofurjonovich
THE ROLE OF REGIONAL CLUSTERS IN ENHANCING EXPORT POTENTIAL: ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN THEORIES
This article analyzes the role of regional clusters in enhancing export potential based on foreign theoretical approaches. In particular, the “Diamond Model” of Michael Porter, the industrial districts theory of Alfred Marshall, the new economic geography approach of Paul Krugman, as well as the concepts of innovative clusters and global value chains are examined. The study reveals that regional clusters play a crucial role in increasing export potential by creating competitive advantages, accelerating innovation, reducing production costs, and ensuring integration into global markets.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AS A PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM
This article analyzes the issue of developing the economic competence of future specialists in higher education institutions from a pedagogical perspective. The essence of economic competence, its structural components, and the pedagogical conditions for its development are discussed. In addition, the possibilities of developing economic competence in the higher education system through a competence-based approach, interactive teaching methods, and interdisciplinary integration are highlighted.
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE TREATMENT OF PERIPANCREATIC ABSCESSES: EFFECTIVENESS OF STEP-UP STRATEGY AND MINIMALLY INVASIVE TECHNOLOGIES
This article analyzes the evolution of treatment methods for peripancreatic abscesses following acute pancreatitis. The clinical effectiveness of open surgery, the step-up approach, and minimally invasive technologies was compared. The results demonstrate that minimally invasive strategies are superior in reducing mortality, decreasing complications, and shortening recovery time.
DSc Rayimov G.N.,Juraboev Oybek Ulugbek ugli
POLYSEMY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE: THE PROBLEM OF MEANING SELECTION IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS
This article examines polysemy in English and Uzbek with a particular focus on the problem of meaning selection in the translation process. Polysemy, defined as the presence of multiple semantically related meanings within a single lexical item, compels translators to choose among competing meanings depending on context. The study approaches polysemy not merely as a lexical phenomenon but as a decisive factor influencing translators’ decision-making. Through the analysis of English and Uzbek polysemous units, the article explores the roles of context, semantic fields, and equivalence, and reveals how incorrect meaning selection leads to translation errors.
STYLISTIC FEATURES OF DIALOGICAL SPEECH AND THEIR TRANSFER IN TRANSLATION
This article examines the stylistic features of dialogic speech and methods for conveying them in literary translation. It analyzes the key characteristics of dialogic texts, including colloquial vocabulary, emotional overtones, incomplete sentences, and interjections. Particular attention is paid to translation techniques that preserve the stylistic features of characters' speech in the target language.
OPTIMIZATION OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM
Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine disorders and remains a clinically important contributor to cardiovascular morbidity, especially in middle-aged and older adults. Thyroid hormones play a central role in myocardial contractility, heart rate regulation, vascular tone, lipid metabolism, and endothelial function; therefore, even mild thyroid hormone deficiency can adversely affect the cardiovascular system.
Rashidova Hurshidabonu Arifjon qizi, Shahnoza Qodirjonovna Yusupova
MECHANISMS FOR ORGANIZING HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES BASED ON MARKETING IN THE CONTEXT OF LABOR MARKET CONDITIONS
This study explores the mechanisms of organizing higher education services through marketing approaches under the conditions of a dynamically evolving labor market. The research emphasizes that contemporary higher education institutions must align their educational offerings with labor market demands to remain competitive and socially relevant. By analyzing current trends in employment structures, skills requirements, and employer expectations, the paper identifies key marketing strategies that can enhance the responsiveness of universities to external demands. The study adopts a conceptual and analytical approach, integrating theoretical perspectives on educational marketing with practical considerations of labor market monitoring. Particular attention is given to market segmentation, positioning of educational programs, stakeholder engagement, and the development of flexible curricula tailored to emerging professional competencies. The findings suggest that the effective use of marketing mechanisms—such as demand forecasting, branding, digital promotion, and partnership with industry—contributes significantly to improving graduate employability and institutional sustainability. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of continuous feedback loops between employers and educational providers as a basis for adaptive management. The results underline that a market-oriented approach to organizing higher education services is essential for bridging the gap between academic training and real-world professional requirements.
SPEECH CULTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S GENERAL CULTURE IN THE MODERN WORLD
This article examines speech culture as one of the most important indicators of an individual’s general culture in contemporary society. The paper analyzes the main components of speech culture, its role in shaping personality, and its impact on interpersonal and professional communication. Special attention is paid to the challenges of declining speech culture in the digital age, as well as possible ways to improve linguistic competence. The study highlights that a high level of speech culture contributes not only to effective communication but also to intellectual and social development.
SMART AGRICULTURE: AN INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM WITH ADVANCED MACHINE LEARNING AND EDGE AI
Smart agriculture integrates modern digital technologies to enhance farming productivity and sustainability. This paper presents an updated Intelligent Machine Learning-based Decision Support System (IML-DSS) that incorporates Edge AI and Federated Learning for real-time agricultural decision-making. The system predicts crop yield, detects plant diseases, and optimizes resource utilization using multi-source data such as IoT sensors, satellite imagery, and climate databases. Advanced models including ensemble learning, transformer-based architectures, and explainable AI are utilized to process heterogeneous agricultural data. Edge-cloud integration enables low-latency processing and scalability. Experimental validation using recent datasets shows improved prediction accuracy, faster decision-making, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced farmer trust through interpretability. The proposed system contributes significantly to sustainable and data-driven agriculture.
Mr. Dandu Jayabharath Reddy, Bolbekova Muhlisa, Anvarova Farangiz, Kamolova Sevara
KOREAN AND UZBEK AS AGGLUTINATIVE LANGUAGES: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING METHODOLOGY
This study investigates the structural similarities and differences between Korean and Uzbek as agglutinative languages and examines their pedagogical implications for effective language instruction. Both languages demonstrate agglutinative morphology characterized by the linear addition of suffixes, yet they differ significantly in phonology, pragmatics, and sociolinguistic features. A mixed-method research design was employed, involving 80 Uzbek learners of Korean divided into experimental and control groups over a 16-week period. The experimental group was taught using a combined Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and contrastive analysis approach, while the control group followed traditional grammar-based instruction. Quantitative data were collected through pre- and post-tests, while qualitative data were obtained via classroom observations and learner feedback. The results indicate statistically significant improvement in communicative competence, grammatical accuracy, and learner motivation in the experimental group (p < 0.05). The study highlights the importance of leveraging positive language transfer while addressing negative transfer through targeted pedagogical strategies. The findings contribute to applied linguistics and offer practical recommendations for Korean language teaching in Uzbek contexts.
Bekmurodova Maftuna Jumanazar kizi, Xolmatova Maxliyoxon Bahromjon kizi
PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IDEA OF THE STATE IN PLATO'S DIALOGUE "THE REPUBLIC"
This article presents an original analysis of Plato's philosophical ideas as expounded in the dialogue "The Republic." It examines the concept of the ideal state, justice, the role of the philosopher-ruler, and the system of civic education. Special attention is paid to the structure of society and the importance of philosophy in political governance. The article highlights the relevance of Plato's ideas for the modern understanding of a just society and governance.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON EVERYDAY LIFE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
From a specialized area of computer science, artificial intelligence (AI) has quickly developed into a revolutionary force that influences daily life. This article examines the ways in which AI technologies are incorporated into everyday tasks, such as workplace automation, smart assistants, healthcare diagnostics, transportation systems, and personalized recommendations on digital platforms. It draws attention to both the advantages—like more productivity, simplicity of use, and better decision-making—and the difficulties—like privacy issues, job displacement, and ethical obligations. The article attempts to present a fair assessment of how AI is changing human experiences and what this means for people's and communities' futures by looking at practical applications and their social ramifications.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EARLY DETECTION OF MAXILLOFACIAL TUMORS
Early detection of maxillofacial tumors remains a critical challenge in modern medicine due to the anatomical complexity of the region and the often-asymptomatic nature of early-stage lesions. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and radiological imaging technologies have significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This study aims to analyze the role of AI-based systems and modern imaging modalities in the early detection of maxillofacial tumors. A comprehensive review of recent literature and clinical data was conducted, focusing on diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of AI-assisted imaging techniques. The findings indicate that AI integration into radiology enhances early tumor detection, reduces diagnostic errors, and supports clinical decision-making. The study highlights the transformative potential of AI in maxillofacial oncology.
ANALYSIS OF 10-YEAR MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS OF UZBEKISTAN AND SLOVAKIA
This article analyzes the dynamics of the gross domestic product of the Slovak Republic and its growth trends based on empirical data. The study uses official statistical indicators for 2015–2024 and evaluates the main macroeconomic factors affecting GDP using the multifactor regression method. Also, medium-term GDP forecast values ​​for 2025–2030 are calculated and the reliability of the forecast results is analyzed using lower and upper probability limits. The results show that the value added created in the Slovak economy in the export, manufacturing and services sectors plays an important role in economic growth.
Ro‘ziqulov Abduqahhor Ixtiyor ugli,Xakimova Ma’mura Muxammadiyevna
ELECTRIFIED MOBILITY AS AN ENGINE OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE ON THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
This study explores electrified mobility as a driver of sustainable economic growth, with particular attention to the mediating role of transport infrastructure. It investigates how infrastructure such as EV charging stations, electrified rail, smart energy systems, and integrated transport networks shapes the economic and environmental outcomes of transport modernization. Existing evidence indicates that transport infrastructure investment can promote economic growth, while sustainability outcomes vary by transport mode, with rail generally associated with lower environmental harm than road- and air-based expansion. The growing importance of EV charging infrastructure and renewable energy integration further suggests that electrified mobility can strengthen productivity and connectivity while supporting decarbonization goals. This topic is relevant to policymakers and researchers seeking to understand how transport electrification can generate long-term economic value without intensifying environmental degradation.
CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ELECTRIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PERSPECTIVES
This article examines the main challenges and limitations of electric transport systems from economic, environmental, and infrastructure perspectives. The study analyzes the high initial cost of electric vehicles, the uneven development of charging infrastructure, the growing pressure on power systems, and the environmental issues related to battery production, resource extraction, and end-of-life disposal. Particular attention is given to the contradiction between the environmental advantages of electric transport during operation and the hidden ecological costs that arise across the full life cycle. The article also considers infrastructure-related barriers, including insufficient charging coverage, long charging times, grid capacity constraints, and regional inequality in access to modern transport technologies. On this basis, the paper argues that the large-scale expansion of electric transport requires not only technological progress, but also integrated economic policy, sustainable energy planning, and effective battery management systems. The findings may be useful for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working on sustainable mobility and transport modernization.
THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN CONDUCTING OFFICIAL BUSINESS IN THE STATE LANGUAGE
This article highlights the role and significance of modern information technologies in improving the system of conducting official business in the state language. The study analyzes issues related to the automation of administrative processes through the use of electronic document circulation, digital platforms, and artificial intelligence capabilities. It also addresses adherence to Uzbek spelling rules in the digital environment, ensuring the consistency of terminology, and ways to eliminate existing technical problems in the field. At the end of the article, practical recommendations are provided for integrating digital technologies to enhance the prestige of the state language.
Karimova Sevinch Rayimjon qizi, Avazova O'g'iloy Bobomurodovna, Yusupova Nilufar Qudrat qizi
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN MODERN EDUCATION
In modern education, the effectiveness of teaching has become increasingly important due to globalization the the growing need for communication skills. This article examines the role of interactive teaching methods in improving students’ language profisiency. Methods such as Communicative Language Teaching, Task-Based Learning, and Gamification are analyzed. The study shows that interactive approaches significantly enhance students’ motivation, participation, and real-life language use.
Axmadjonova Maxliyo Baxromjon kizi , Abdukhamidova Khilola Dilshod kizi
FUNDAMENTALS OF TESTOLOGY AND VALIDITY OF TEST TASKS
This article covers the concepts of test, testing and testology, and analyzes the main requirements for the development of test tasks. It also provides detailed information about the validity of tests, their substantive, criterion-based and constructive types. The importance of tests in assessing knowledge, skills and competencies in the educational process is revealed, and the need for their development on a scientifically sound basis is justified. The article considers issues of ensuring the reliability and objectivity of test results.
REASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF TAX INCENTIVES FOR DOMESTIC INVESTMENT
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact and efficiency of tax incentives on domestic investment from a macroeconomic perspective. Governments across both developed and developing economies widely employ fiscal instruments such as tax holidays, investment tax credits, and accelerated depreciation to stimulate private sector investment and economic growth. However, the effectiveness of these measures remains controversial due to issues such as fiscal costs, redundancy, and institutional inefficiencies. Drawing on empirical evidence from international organizations including the International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank Group, this study evaluates the mechanisms through which tax incentives influence corporate investment decisions. The findings indicate that while tax incentives may generate short-term sectoral investment gains, their long-term efficiency is contingent upon institutional quality, transparency, and overall macroeconomic stability.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON MICROORGANISMS
This article examines the effects of physical, chemical, and biological environmental factors on microorganisms. Environmental factors have a decisive influence on the distribution, adaptation, survival, and biological activity of all living organisms, including microorganisms. The article highlights the specific features of how ecological factors affect the microbial world, as well as their significance for ecosystems and medicine.
Nadira B. Khanhodjaeva, Bishirov R. Lekimovich
CHALLENGES IN USAGE OF SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, AND HOMONYMS
A key element of language proficiency, especially in English as a second or foreign language, is the efficient use of vocabulary. Synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms are important lexical elements for both production and comprehension. However, while trying to employ these word kinds correctly and effectively, learners frequently run into serious difficulties. This study examines the challenges posed by synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms with an emphasis on contextual limitations, semantic subtleties, and cognitive processing problems. The study finds common mistake patterns and suggests approaches for enhancing lexical competence using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The results indicate that teaching vocabulary should focus on contextual usage, collocation, and pragmatic comprehension rather than just surface-level meanings.
CLINICAL FEATURES AND TREATMENT EFFICACY OF POST-TRAUMATIC EPILEPSY AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN CHILDREN WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
To investigate the clinical features of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) and cognitive impairment in children following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and to assess the therapeutic efficacy of levetiracetam and pantogam.
Нojimatova Malika Shukhratovna,Abdukhalimov Mashkhurbek Bakhromjon ugli
DETERMINOLOGY OF ECOLOGICAL TERMS: ON THE EXAMPLE OF ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, POLLUTION TERMS.
The fact that environmental terms in English are rapidly becoming common words in the process of globalization and are entering the Uzbek language through translation as part of the same process is explained by a number of extralinguistic and intralinguistic factors. The fact that the phenomenon of determinologization is also gaining importance in the field of ecology can be attributed to a number of reasons. This article discusses the process of determinologization of some environmental terms in English.
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENTS IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: CLINICAL SPECTRUM, NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT, AND REHABILITATION OUTCOMES
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of acquired cognitive disability in the pediatric population worldwide. Children who sustain mild, moderate, or severe TBI frequently demonstrate lasting deficits in attention, memory, executive function, processing speed, and academic achievement. The heterogeneity of injury severity and developmental stage at the time of injury complicates both diagnosis and treatment planning. This review aims to systematically characterize the spectrum of cognitive impairments observed after pediatric TBI, discuss validated neuropsychological assessment instruments, and summarize evidence-based rehabilitation strategies reported in recent literature. A narrative review was conducted of peer-reviewed publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2005 to 2024. Studies involving children aged 0–17 years with diagnosed TBI and cognitive outcome data were included. Case reports and studies without control groups were excluded. Attention and working memory deficits are the most consistently reported sequelae across all TBI severity levels. Executive dysfunction, particularly in planning, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, is prevalent in moderate-to-severe TBI. Age at injury is a critical moderator: injuries sustained before age five carry higher risk of pervasive cognitive delay due to disruption of ongoing brain maturation. Neuropsychological batteries such as NEPSY-II and the Cogstate Brief Battery demonstrate strong sensitivity for pediatric post-TBI assessment. Cognitive rehabilitation incorporating goal management training and computerized attention training shows moderate-to-large effect sizes.
Abduxalimov Mashhurbek Baxromjon ugli, Xojimatova Malika Shuxratovna
IMPROVING METHODOLOGY FOR PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION TEACHERS BASED ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article examines the methodology for improving professional training of future technology education teachers in the context of digital transformation. The study analyzes contemporary approaches to integrating digital technologies — including e-learning platforms, simulation tools, and project-based learning environments — into pedagogical training programs. An experimental study was conducted at Tashkent State Pedagogical University involving 84 undergraduate students. Results demonstrate that systematic incorporation of digital tools enhances pedagogical competence, content-technology integration skills, and readiness for innovative classroom practice. The article presents a refined methodological model with practical recommendations for teacher education institutions.
PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS OF A TEACHER IN ORGANIZING AND MANAGING EDUCATIONAL WORK PROCESSES IN UNIVERSITIES.
This article presents information about the pedagogical skills of a teacher in organizing and managing educational work processes in higher education institutions. The pedagogical skills of a teacher play an important role in organizing and managing educational work processes in higher education institutions. This process requires not only the knowledge and skills of a teacher, but also the ability to effectively organize their educational activities.
БИОСУРФАКТАНТЫ В СТОМАТОЛОГИИ: ТЕКУЩИЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ . SCOPING REVIEW ПО МЕТОДОЛОГИИ PRISMA-SCR
Биосурфактанты — амфифильные соединения микробного происхождения — представляют собой перспективную альтернативу синтетическим поверхностно-активным веществам в стоматологии благодаря их биосовместимости, низкой токсичности и выраженной антимикробной активности. Цель данного обзора — систематизировать современные данные о применении биосурфактантов в стоматологической практике и определить перспективные направления их клинического внедрения.
Пулатов Абдуллох, Абдулазизова Мамура, Махмудбекова Муслима , Зарипова Азизахон,Кадырова Нодира Абраровна
PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the most common and life-threatening cardiovascular diseases worldwide. It is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the heart muscle due to prolonged obstruction of coronary blood flow. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pathological anatomy of myocardial infarction, including its etiology, morphological changes, histopathological features, and clinical implications. The study synthesizes findings from classical pathology, modern histology, and clinical research to highlight the importance of understanding myocardial infarction in both diagnostic and therapeutic contexts.
MOLECULAR BASIS OF GLYCOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS IN GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
Glucose homeostasis is a critical physiological process that ensures a constant supply of energy to cells. The molecular basis of this regulation primarily involves two opposing metabolic pathways: glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis is responsible for the breakdown of glucose to generate energy in the form of ATP, whereas gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, particularly during fasting conditions.This article aims to analyze the key molecular mechanisms underlying these pathways, with a focus on enzyme activity, regulatory factors, and hormonal control. Special attention is given to rate-limiting enzymes such as phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, as well as the role of allosteric effectors and covalent modifications. The findings demonstrate that the coordinated regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is essential for maintaining metabolic balance and preventing energy inefficiency. Hormones such as insulin and glucagon play a central role in modulating these pathways. Disruptions in this regulation are closely associated with metabolic disorders, including diabetes mellitus. In conclusion, understanding the molecular mechanisms of glucose metabolism provides valuable insights into both normal physiology and disease pathogenesis, highlighting potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Kirgizboyeva Xonzoda Abilqosim qizi,Tursunkulova Lobar Qidirboy kizi,Xusanova Dilnura Asqar qizi,Asalov Gʻiyosiddin Suyunovich
THE ROLE OF CRITICAL THINKING IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION
This article examines the pivotal role of critical thinking in foreign language education, particularly within the context of a developing society such as Uzbekistan. It argues that the modernization of the educational system – through the integration of innovative pedagogical approaches and advanced information technologies – is essential for fostering learners’ intellectual and linguistic development. Special attention is given to the importance of cultivating critical and creative thinking through instructional strategies such as inquiry-based learning, collaborative tasks, Socratic dialogue, and argumentative writing. The article also discusses challenges in assessing critical thinking and recommends alternative assessment methods, including performance-based tasks and portfolio evaluation.
LIDDLE SYNDROME: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL FEATURES, TREATMENT.
Liddle syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by early-onset hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. It results from gain-of-function mutations in epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits. This expanded review covers detailed molecular mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, differential diagnosis, and modern treatment approaches.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS CAUSED BY TOXIC AGENTS: MECHANISMS OF INTOXICATION AND THEIR FORENSIC RELEVANCE
Exposure to toxic substances leads to a wide spectrum of physiological disturbances, ranging from mild functional impairment to fatal organ failure. A comprehensive understanding of intoxication mechanisms is essential in both medical and forensic contexts. This paper discusses the principal pathways through which toxic agents exert their effects, the resulting cellular and systemic alterations, and the role of these changes in forensic investigations.
INCREASED STROKE RISK IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION
Arterial hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular conditions worldwide and remains the leading modifiable risk factor for stroke. Prolonged high blood pressure causes both structural and functional changes in the brain’s blood vessels, significantly raising the likelihood of a cerebrovascular event. According to the INTERSTROKE study, hypertension accounts for approximately 48% of the population-attributable risk of stroke globally. This article explores the pathophysiological link between hypertension and stroke, highlights key risk factors, and emphasizes the critical role of prevention strategies.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN LIVER AND KIDNEY IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS: A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) represents a major global health burden and is frequently associated with systemic complications beyond pulmonary involvement. Among these, liver and kidney damage plays a critical role in treatment outcomes and patient prognosis. This study aimed to investigate morphological and pathophysiological alterations in hepatic and renal tissues in patients with MDR-TB receiving second-line anti-tuberculosis therapy. A total of 86 patients diagnosed with MDR-TB were included in this clinicopathological study. Histological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis. Clinical parameters, biochemical markers, and treatment duration were correlated with morphological findings. The results demonstrated significant hepatocellular degeneration, macrovesicular steatosis, sinusoidal dilation, and varying degrees of fibrosis in liver tissue. Renal pathology included tubular epithelial degeneration, interstitial inflammation, glomerular hypertrophy, and focal necrosis. The severity of organ damage was strongly associated with prolonged drug exposure and systemic inflammatory response. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and monitoring of organ dysfunction in MDR-TB patients. The study provides novel clinicopathological insights into drug-induced toxicity and systemic effects of chronic tuberculosis.
COLLECTION OF THE PAINTINGS COLLECTION OF THE STATE MUSEUM OF CULTURE AND HISTORY OF SYRDARYA REGION
This article analyzes the history of the formation of the painting collection preserved in the Museum of History and Culture of the Syrdarya region. The study substantiates that the foundation of this collection was the fund of the former Syrdarya Regional Art Gallery, and that the works collected, acquired, and received as donations during its period of activity were subsequently transferred to the museum collection. The article also highlights various stages of the gallery’s activity, the processes of collection enrichment, the organization of exhibitions and excursions, as well as the state of scientific documentation of the museum holdings. Special attention is given to issues related to the preservation, registration, and scholarly study of the regional heritage of fine arts, along with an analysis of existing problems and possible ways to address them.
This article discusses issues of the development (unfolding) of a prismatic elbow. The author of the article believes that in practice it is often necessary to work with geometric surfaces cut by a plane and to create patterns (templates) of these surfaces. The author conducted an experiment with a water pipe, chimney and the bend of air suction pipes. To make a prismatic elbow, templates were made from steel sheet. These templates are bounded by curves and sinusoidal lines, and their shapes and sizes are determined by the diameter of the groove. The prismatic elbow with a central angle of 90° is shown with dimensions; it is sufficient for manufacturing the template and products from thin metal sheets. The use of elbow developments in production increases labor productivity and product quality.
STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE WORKS OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY
This article examines the stylistic devices used in the literary works of Ernest Hemingway, one of the most prominent writers of twentieth-century American literature. Hemingway’s prose is widely recognized for its clarity, simplicity, and powerful emotional impact. Despite the apparent simplicity of his language, his works contain a complex system of stylistic techniques that contribute to the depth and effectiveness of his narratives. The aim of this study is to analyze the major stylistic devices that characterize Hemingway’s writing style and to explain how these devices function within his literary works. The research focuses on several key stylistic features, including minimalism, symbolism, repetition, understatement, dialogue, and descriptive imagery. Special attention is given to the Iceberg Theory, which represents Hemingway’s unique narrative principle in which only a small part of the meaning is directly expressed while the deeper significance remains implicit. This theory plays an essential role in shaping the structure and emotional intensity of his stories
Aliboyeva Nigina,Ibragimova Muhlisa Norg’uchqor qizi
THE ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE MOTIF OF LONELINESS IN ULUGBEK HAMDAM’S SHORT FICTION: ON THE EXAMPLES OF LONELINESS, STONE, AND JOURNEY
This article examines the artistic interpretation of the motif of loneliness in the short fiction of Ulugbek Hamdam, focusing on Loneliness, Stone, and Journey. The study analyzes how Hamdam represents the inner world of modern individuals through symbolic imagery, psychological narration, and existential conflict. The article is based on published literary texts and scholarly studies, with attention to narrative structure, symbolism, and the poetics of alienation. It argues that loneliness in Hamdam’s prose is not merely social isolation, but a complex spiritual and psychological condition associated with self-awareness, estrangement, and the search for meaning.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND GERMAN LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES
An analysis of how English and German employ distinct linguistic strategies is presented in this article. This includes a focus on their respective morphological, syntactic, and discursive types. Using a qualitative contrastive approach that draws on well-known linguistic resources (including books and journal articles), the study demonstrates that the English language relies on nearly all of its grammatical functions (i.e., subject, verb, and object placement) primarily through analytic means and fixed word order, while the German language has retained a larger proportion of its inflected forms i.e., nouns’ cases) and implemented this type of flexibility into the syntactic structure of the language. As a result, while grammatical relations are mostly encoded by the position of words in a clause when using English, grammatical relations are encoded as inflectional morphemes found within nouns and verbs, as well as through the use of grammatical relations found within the syntactic structure of a sentence i.e., noun's case, the noun's gender, and the verb’s general sense of placing the verb second in a sentence). The article concludes by discussing how these general characteristics of the English and German languages affect the processes of interpretation, translation, and second-language acquisition. Even though both languages are both West Germanic languages, their linguistic strategies of organising the meaning, emphasis, and grammatical relationship are completely different. Additionally, these findings indicate that they can differ significantly from each other in terms of linguistic structural differences.
Tojiboyeva Dinora Qo’chqorboy qizi,Oybek Uralovich Khushbokov
CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDING OF THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND METHODS OF ITS THERAPY
In recent years, rheumatoid arthritis has become a global problem, affecting 0.5-2% of the population over the age of 50 (up to 6% among women).The annual increase in new cases is 0.02%. The disease is also considered, a social issue, leading to disability among patients in young and middle-aged groups. The disease is based on joint structure disorders ankylosis, deformities, and contractures. The degree of their development is closely related to early initiation of treatment. This review article presents modern perspectives on the clinical features and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Norbo‘toyev Olimjon Mustafaqul o‘g‘li,Akhmedov Khalmurad Sadullayevich,Abdurakhmanova Nargiza Mirza Baxtiyarxanovna
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects synovial joints, leading to progressive cartilage and bone destruction. Advances in imaging techniques, such as musculoskeletal ultrasound and MRI, have improved early detection of joint inflammation and structural damage. Recent studies emphasize personalized medicine approaches, including genetic profiling and biomarker analysis, to tailor therapy for individual patients. Targeted therapies, such as JAK inhibitors and biologic DMARDs, have transformed disease management by reducing disease activity and preventing irreversible joint damage. Lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and dietary optimization, are increasingly recognized as adjunctive strategies to improve functional outcomes and quality of life. Current research also explores the long-term safety and cost-effectiveness of emerging biologic agents, as well as their impact on comorbidities commonly associated with RA, such as cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF TERMS RELATED TO CHILDREN'S SPORTS IN RUSSIAN AND UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the structural and semantic features of sports terms used in Russian and Uzbek. In the course of the research, the processes of assimilation of terms related to such sports as gymnastics, swimming, athletics, football and chess in international and national language systems were studied. It was also shown that some terms passed from Uzbek to Russian and reached the level of international use based on morphological adaptation. A total of 808 sports terms were analyzed in the study, and 74 of them were found to be universal. The semantic features of general sports terms such as “win”, “defeat” and “draw” were highlighted on the basis of examples. The results of the research show that sports terminology is a complex system formed in the process of historical and linguistic development.
DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF SMALL BUSINESS ENTITIES IN INDUSTRY
In this scientific article, modern directions for improving the efficiency of small business entities working in industries are studied. The main objective of the study is to identify factors influencing productivity gains in small industrial enterprises and to develop practical recommendations for improving their economic activities. In today’s environment of globalization and digital transformation, small business entities are becoming an important tool for economic growth, innovative development, and employment. However, inefficient production, technological backwardness, limited financial resources, and weak governance are all undermining their competitiveness. The study used analytical, comparative, statistical and systematic approaches. Based on international and domestic experience, digitalization, innovative management, introduction of modern technologies, improvement of staff skills, logistics and supply chains are proposed as priorities for improving the efficiency of small businesses in the industry. use of energy-efficient equipment and strengthening of state support mechanisms. The results of the study found that the use of lean management, ERP systems, automated production, e-commerce and marketing systems in industrial enterprises can significantly improve production efficiency. Also justified the necessity of modernization of internal management system in enterprises, improvement of investment environment and development of public-private partnership mechanisms. The results of this article have practical significance for representatives of small businesses, entrepreneurs, economists and government bodies working in industrial sectors.
INNOVATIVE SEPARATOR DESIGN FOR ENHANCING FIBER RETENTION IN PNEUMATIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
This research focuses on minimizing cotton fiber loss by optimizing the structural design of the cotton-air separator. The proposed modification involves the integration of specialized trapezoidal guide vanes within the working chamber. This innovation reduces the contact area between the raw cotton and the screen surfaces by approximately 40%, thereby significantly mitigating mechanical damage to the fibers. Experimental data indicate a substantial reduction in the fiber loss coefficient: from 0.70 kg/h to 0.28 kg/h for high-grade cotton (I-II) and from 3.78 kg/h to 2.42 kg/h for lower grades (III-V). Economic analysis confirms an annual fiber saving of 4,495.5 kg, resulting in an estimated benefit exceeding 73 million UZS. With a rapid payback period of 3-4 months, this technical solution offers high efficiency for the cotton ginning industry.
Salokhiddinova Makhliyo Nurmukhammad kizi, Yusupov Abror Quziboy ugli, Yusupova Maftunaxon Yoqubjon kizi
ЛЕКСИКА ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ГРУППЫ "ПРИРОДА " В ПОСЛОВИЦАХ И ПОГОВОРКАХ РУССКОГО НАРОДА
В данной статье анализируются семантические и лингвокультурные свойства лексических единиц на тему «природа» в русских народных пословицах и поговорках. Лексико-тематические группы, связанные с природой, занимают важное место в народном устном творчестве, отражая мировоззрение, ценности и жизненный опыт людей, связанных с природой. В ходе исследования систематически изучаются компоненты природы (земля, вода, воздух, флора, фауна), используемые в русских пословицах и поговорках, определяется их уровень образности, символическое значение и функциональные свойства. Также обосновывается роль этих единиц в выражении неразрывной связи между языком и культурой. Результаты исследования имеют большое значение для развития направлений лексико-семантических, фразеологических и лингвокультурных исследований в лингвистике.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN THE ERA OF MIRZO ULUGBEK AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Mirzo Ulugh Beg's scientific and political activities in the context of the Eastern Renaissance. Specifically, it highlights the sociopolitical conditions that fostered the development of science and culture during the Timurid era and explores the scholar's role in this process. The study examines the activities of Ulugh Beg's observatory, the scientific significance of the astronomical observations conducted there, and the role of the Zij-i Jadid-i Kuragoniy, which was created based on these observations, in medieval astronomy on a scientific basis. It also examines the scientific school formed by Ulugh Beg, the contributions of its scholars, and the process of transforming Samarkand into a major scientific center. The article also analyzes the scholar's policy regarding the combination of public administration and scientific development and summarizes its comprehensive impact on the development of society based on scientific findings.
Artikov Zokir Sayfiddinovich , Ergasheva Shaxzoda
BASED ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF MANUFACTURING WELL COVERS FROM LOCAL POLYMER WASTE RAW MATERIALS
Todays, polymer composite materials are used to produce parts and products of various shapes and sizes. In this research work, several research works on existing and modern methods on a number of technologies for the production of well caps were analyzed, and the technology of obtaining well caps from local polymer waste raw materials was justified scientifically and practically. In particular, in the creation of well caps, the formation of a composition in the composition and microstructure of the materials was studied, and a mixture based on the mass fraction of secondary polyethylene, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), polyethylene polyamine (PEPA), pigments and sand raw materials was formed. A mixture was prepared from the secondary raw material by extrusion method, and the cover was formed using the mixture press mold and the finished part was obtained. The chemical resistance, relative bending strength, pressure resistance indicators of product were determined by scientific-research work. On the basis of the obtained results, the construction and road construction industry was founded on the technology of production of products that are six times cheaper and lighter than traditional cast iron manhole covers.
THE ROLE OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IN MODERN ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT
In today’s rapidly changing business environment, strategic leadership has become a critical factor in ensuring organizational success. This article explores the importance of strategic leadership, its core components, and its impact on organizational performance and competitiveness.
Sobirov Mahammadniyoz Tavakkal o’g’li, Yusupov Elmurod Egamberdi o’g’li, Turdiboyeva Dilnozaxon Ismailjanovna, Asqarjonov Abdurahmon Baxromjon o’g’li
NEURONPATH AND THE ECONOMICS OF COGNITIVE DISRUPTION: HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY, MARKET STRUCTURE, AND ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF NEURAL-SYNC LEARNING TECHNOLOGY
Background: The emergence of neural-sync learning platforms represents a structural discontinuity in human capital formation, challenging foundational assumptions in labor economics and organizational theory. NeuronPath's bio-haptic synchronization technology — capable of reducing average skill acquisition from 73.6 hours to 8.7 minutes — constitutes an unprecedented shock to the supply side of knowledge markets. Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods design combining (1) secondary analysis of NeuronPath's clinical trial dataset (n = 380,000 across 47 countries, 2125–2126), (2) a structural equation model (SEM) estimating labor market displacement elasticity, and (3) semi-structured interviews with 62 chief human resources officers (CHROs) across Fortune 500 organizations. Results: Neural-sync adoption is projected to compress traditional workforce training cycles by 94.7%, generate $3.8 trillion in annual productivity gains globally by 2130, and simultaneously displace an estimated 218 million training-sector jobs. Organizational adoption follows a dual-track pattern: early adopters demonstrate a 41% competitive advantage in talent deployment speed, while laggard firms face a strategic knowledge gap widening at 7.3% per quarter. Conclusions: NeuronPath's technology is not an incremental innovation but a Schumpeterian creative destruction event rewriting human capital theory. Policy responses must address cognitive equity, labor transition financing, and antitrust regulation of cognitive infrastructure monopolies. Organizations that embed neural-sync into their talent management architecture within the 2126–2128 window will likely define the competitive landscape of the next century.
Sobirov Mahammadniyoz Tavakkal o’g’li , Sultonov Nazim Nazirjonovich, Ikromjoniva Mushtariy Iqboljon qizi, Azimov Qosimjon Xakimjon o'g'li
THE IMPACT OF ADAPTIVE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON STUDENTS’ COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH
This study explores the impact of artificial intelligence (AI)-based adaptive learning technologies on the development of students’ communicative competence in English language teaching. In recent years, the integration of AI into educational environments has transformed traditional teaching approaches by enabling personalized, data-driven instruction tailored to individual learners’ needs, preferences, and performance levels. Adaptive learning systems analyze learners’ progress in real time and dynamically adjust content, feedback, and task complexity, thereby creating a more efficient and learner-centered educational experience. The research focuses on how such intelligent systems contribute to the improvement of key components of communicative competence, including linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic, and strategic competences. Special attention is paid to the role of AI tools in enhancing speaking and listening skills, fostering interactive communication, and reducing language anxiety through individualized learning paths. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative data obtained from experimental groups using AI-based platforms with qualitative insights gathered through classroom observations and student feedback. The findings indicate that adaptive learning technologies significantly enhance students’ engagement, motivation, and communicative performance compared to traditional methods. Moreover, AI-driven environments support continuous assessment and immediate feedback, which are crucial for developing fluency and accuracy in language use. However, the study also highlights certain challenges, such as the need for digital literacy, teacher training, and ethical considerations in the use of AI in education. Overall, the research demonstrates that AI-powered adaptive learning technologies can serve as an effective pedagogical tool for fostering communicative competence in English language learners, provided that they are implemented within a well-structured instructional framework.
THE ROLE OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS IN ENHANCING SPEECH ACT ACQUISITION AMONG EFL LEARNERS
This study explores the role of mobile applications in facilitating the acquisition of speech acts among learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). In the context of increasing digitalization in language education, mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) tools have emerged as effective platforms for developing pragmatic competence. The research focuses on how interactive features such as real-time feedback, contextualized dialogues, gamification, and multimedia input contribute to learners’ understanding and use of speech acts, including requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining quantitative data from pre- and post-tests with qualitative insights from learner interviews and classroom observations. The findings indicate that learners who engaged with mobile applications demonstrated significant improvement in both the recognition and production of contextually appropriate speech acts. Moreover, mobile applications were found to enhance learner autonomy, motivation, and exposure to authentic language use. The study concludes that integrating mobile technologies into EFL instruction can effectively bridge the gap between grammatical knowledge and pragmatic competence, offering pedagogically valuable implications for language teachers and curriculum designers.
A LINGUO-COGNITIVE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPONYMS AND CHARACTER REPRESENTATION IN LITERARY DISCOURSE
This study explores the linguo-cognitive relationship between anthroponyms and character representation in literary discourse. The research focuses on how personal names function not merely as identifiers but as meaningful linguistic units that contribute to the construction and interpretation of fictional characters. From a cognitive perspective, anthroponyms are examined as conceptual tools that activate cultural, social, and psychological associations in the reader’s mind. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach, drawing on selected examples from literary texts to illustrate how naming strategies influence readers’ perception of character traits, roles, and narrative functions. Special attention is given to the semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic dimensions of anthroponyms, as well as their role in shaping character identity within a given cultural context. The findings suggest that anthroponyms serve as an essential mechanism in literary meaning-making, bridging linguistic expression and cognitive interpretation. Ultimately, the paper contributes to the broader field of cognitive linguistics and literary studies by highlighting the dynamic interaction between language, cognition, and artistic representation.
THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR ANALYZING THE ISSUE OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL THREATS
This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations for analyzing the issue of spiritual and moral threats in contemporary society. In the context of globalization, rapid technological development, and the expansion of digital communication, new forms of value transformation and ethical challenges are emerging, which significantly influence individual consciousness and social stability. The study examines the concept of spiritual and moral threats from interdisciplinary perspectives, including philosophy, sociology, pedagogy, and linguistics, highlighting their complex and multifaceted nature. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms through which such threats are disseminated, especially via mass media and digital platforms, as well as their impact on youth and educational environments. The research employs a combination of analytical, comparative, and system-based methods to identify key factors contributing to the spread of moral destabilization and to propose effective strategies for prevention and mitigation. The findings emphasize the importance of strengthening moral education, promoting cultural values, and developing critical thinking skills as essential tools in counteracting spiritual and moral degradation. The article contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing these challenges in modern society.
Niyozmatov Anvar Baxodirovich, Xasanov Maksud Furkatovich
MECHANISMS FOR DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE BASED ON A NEUROPEDAGOGICAL APPROACH
In the context of modern language education, the integration of interdisciplinary approaches has become essential for enhancing learners’ communicative competence. This study explores the mechanisms for developing students’ communicative competence in a foreign language based on a neuropedagogical approach. Neuropedagogy, which combines insights from neuroscience, psychology, and pedagogy, provides a scientific foundation for understanding how the brain processes, retains, and applies linguistic information. The research focuses on identifying effective strategies that align with cognitive and neural processes, including attention management, memory activation, emotional engagement, and multimodal input. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both theoretical analysis and practical observation in language learning environments. The findings demonstrate that neuropedagogically informed instruction significantly enhances students’ ability to use language appropriately in real-life communicative situations. Moreover, it fosters learner autonomy, motivation, and long-term retention of language skills. The paper concludes that integrating neuropedagogical principles into foreign language teaching can lead to more efficient and sustainable development of communicative competence.
LINGUOPRAGMATIC FEATURES OF SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSE: EVIDENCE FROM A CORPUS-BASED STUDY
This study explores the linguopragmatic features of social media discourse through a corpus-based approach, focusing on how language is strategically used to achieve communicative goals in digital environments. Drawing on a carefully compiled corpus of posts, comments, and interactions from popular social media platforms, the research examines pragmatic markers, speech acts, deixis, politeness strategies, and the use of multimodal elements such as emojis and hashtags. The analysis reveals that social media discourse is characterized by brevity, informality, and high interactivity, where users frequently employ implicit meanings, contextual cues, and hybrid linguistic forms. Furthermore, the findings highlight how users adapt their language to specific audiences, negotiate identity, and construct interpersonal relationships in online settings. The study also demonstrates the role of cultural and contextual factors in shaping pragmatic choices, emphasizing the dynamic and evolving nature of digital communication. By integrating corpus linguistics with pragmatics, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of how meaning is constructed and interpreted in social media discourse and offers insights for future studies in digital linguistics and communication.
NEW PROFESSIONS IN INTERNET JOURNALISM AND THEIR b ESSENCE
This article analyzes the emergence of new professions in the field of internet journalism and their significance. The development of digital technologies and social networks has led to the creation of new directions in journalism. The role and importance of professions such as content manager, data journalist, media analyst, podcaster, and web designer in the journalism industry are examined.
STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF SOD2 (Ala16Val) WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC TONSILLITIS
This study is devoted to investigating the role of the SOD2 (Ala16Val) gene polymorphism in the development of chronic tonsillitis and its association with different clinical forms of the disease. The study included 94 patients aged 3 to 55 years diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis, as well as 90 conditionally healthy individuals examined in the Khorezm region between 2021 and 2025. Depending on the clinical presentation, patients were divided into groups with simple, toxic-allergic form I, and toxic-allergic form II. Molecular genetic analysis was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was carried out using the chi-square (χ²) test and odds ratio (OR). The results demonstrated that the presence of the minor Val allele and the Val/Val genotype of the SOD2 (Ala16Val) polymorphism is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing chronic tonsillitis. Specifically, the Val allele increases the risk by 1.7 times, while the Val/Val genotype increases it by 2.3 times. Furthermore, this genetic marker was found to play a significant role in the development of both simple and toxic-allergic forms of the disease. In conclusion, the SOD2 (Ala16Val) gene polymorphism can be considered an important genetic marker for predicting the risk of chronic tonsillitis and may be useful in selecting individualized treatment strategies.
Sultonov Bekzod Olimboy o’g’li, Esamuratov Aybek Ibragimovich
HYGIENIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS OF THERMAL BURNS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
This article studies the prevalence of thermal burns among preschool children and analyzes the influence of hygienic and medico-social factors. The study examines children aged 3–6 years and evaluates the main causes of burn injuries, as well as the role of parental supervision, household conditions, and hygiene practices. The research is based on the analysis of medical records, questionnaires, and environmental observations. Particular attention is given to identifying the most common causes of burns and the main risk factors associated with them. The results show that hot liquids are the leading cause of burns, and factors such as low parental awareness, poor hygiene conditions, and lack of supervision significantly increase the risk. Thus, the article demonstrates how hygienic and socio-economic conditions affect the occurrence of burn injuries and highlights the importance of preventive measures.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH VIDEO GAME TEXTS INTO UZBEK
The rapid development of the global video game industry has created an increasing demand for high-quality localization, including translation into less-resourced languages such as Uzbek. This study explores both theoretical and practical aspects of translating English video game texts into Uzbek. It examines linguistic, cultural, and technical challenges and proposes effective strategies for overcoming them. Using qualitative analysis of selected game texts and translation examples, the research highlights the importance of cultural adaptation, functional equivalence, and user experience in game localization. The findings suggest that successful translation requires not only linguistic competence but also familiarity with gaming culture and technical constraints.
Dadamirzayeva Mohidil G’ulomjon kizi, Akhtamova Sevinchbonu Qamariddin kizi
A TYPOLOGY OF ARTISTIC REPRESENTATIONS OF PERSONALITY IN AMERICAN PROSE
This article explores the typology of artistic representations of personality in American prose. The study aims to identify and classify dominant literary models of personality as reflected in works by American authors of different periods. Based on a qualitative analysis of selected texts, the research focuses on character construction, narrative strategies, and cultural context. The findings reveal several recurring personality types—including the individualist, the rebel, the self-made individual, and the alienated subject—which reflect broader socio-cultural and ideological shifts in American society.
Eskazinova Zhanar Amantaevna, Buranova Madina Uktamovna
LEXICAL-GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PHRASEOLOGISMS WITH A HAND COMPONENT
This article examines the lexical and grammatical characteristics of phraseological units containing the somatic component "hand" (qo‘l) in Uzbek linguistics. The study analyzes the semantic groups of these idioms, their connotative meanings in speech, and their grammatical structures. Furthermore, the article explores the connection between "hand"-related phrases and the national worldview, mentality, and culture from an ethnolinguistic perspective. The findings of the research contribute to determining the role of phraseological units in enriching the vocabulary of the language.
INTERPRETATION OF SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY SHORT STORIES
This article examines issues such as formal and stylistic research in modern storytelling, the diversity of the subject, the originality of the plot, the expressiveness of the image and symbol, and the artistic skill of the writer using the stories of Abdukayum Yuldash and Nemat Arslon, such as “Yetim soʻz” and “Vaqt falsafasi”. The issues of the creative style and individuality of the stories they created, the aspects of the connection, commonality, and innovation inherent in the work of both writers are analyzed. In addition, it is discussed that they have written about the most urgent, painful, socio-philosophical problems of today and have effectively used symbols, metaphors, and symbols to realize their artistic intentions.
КИНЕТИКА ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНО-ВОССТАНОВИТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ В ТЯЖЕЛЫХ НЕФТЯНЫХ ОСТАТКАХ: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
В статье представлен обзор современных подходов к изучению кинетики окислительно-восстановительных реакций в тяжелых нефтяных остатках (ТНО). Рассмотрены методологические аспекты применения термогравиметрического анализа и изоконверсионных методов для определения кинетических параметров. Проанализированы факторы, влияющие на скорость и механизмы окисления ТНО, включая каталитические эффекты металлов, природу кислородсодержащих соединений и структурно-групповой состав сырья. Обсуждены современные представления о радикально-цепных механизмах низкотемпературного окисления, а также роль асфальтенов как ключевых носителей окислительной активности. Показано, что интеграция экспериментальных кинетических данных с методами математического моделирования открывает новые возможности для оптимизации технологий внутрипластового горения, каталитического облагораживания и термической переработки тяжелого углеводородного сырья.
Кадырова Нодира Абраровна,ПУЛАТОВ АБДУЛЛОХ,АСКАРОВА МУНИСА,АБДУЛАЗИЗОВА МАМУРА,ШОХОБИДДИНОВ МУХАММАДСАИД
ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ В ПРЕПОДАВАНИИ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ДИСЦИПЛИН: ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ЛАНДШАФТА
В статье представлен анализ современного состояния и перспектив интеграции искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) в систему преподавания медицинских дисциплин. На основе систематизации результатов эмпирических исследований и обзорных работ, опубликованных в период 2015–2026 гг., рассматриваются ключевые направления применения ИИ в медицинском образовании: персонализированное обучение, симуляционные технологии, автоматизированное оценивание и развитие клинического мышления. Особое внимание уделяется генеративному ИИ и большим языковым моделям, которые демонстрируют высокий потенциал в создании образовательного контента и организации интерактивного взаимодействия. Анализируются основные вызовы внедрения ИИ, включая алгоритмическую предвзятость, проблемы академической честности, необходимость пересмотра учебных программ и подготовки преподавателей. Обосновывается необходимость системного, этически ориентированного подхода к интеграции ИИ, предполагающего пересмотр образовательных парадигм и разработку стандартизированных компетенций в области ИИ для будущих врачей.
Кадырова Нодира Абраровна,Касимова Нодира Махаммаджановна,ПУЛАТОВ АБДУЛЛОХ,АБДУЛАЗИЗОВА МАМУРА,ШОХОБИДДИНОВ МУХАММАДСАИД
AMELOBLASTOMA: THE MOST COMMON ODONTOGENIC TUMOR – FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
This article examines ameloblastoma, the most common benign but locally aggressive odontogenic epithelial tumor of the jaws. Its clinical and radiographic forms (follicular, plexiform, desmoplastic, etc.) are described in detail, along with their characteristic slow but infiltrative growth, leading to asymptomatic jaw deformity. Particular attention is paid to diagnostic methods, with computed tomography (CT) playing a key role in assessing the true tumor boundaries. The primary focus is on surgical treatment, including the principles of choosing between resection and enucleation, and the importance of achieving clean resection margins to prevent recurrence. The complexity of prognosis due to the high susceptibility to recurrence and the need for long-term follow-up are emphasized.
TULANBAYEV FAYZULLO SHUXRATBEK O’G’LI,XUDOYBERGANOVA NILUFAR ALISHEROVNA,PO’LATOV ABDULLOH ANVAR O’G’LI,MIRXOSILOVA MUSLIMA MIRJAMOL QIZI,ORIFJONOVA MUMTOZBEGIM OLIMJON QIZI
DETECTION OF CORROSION IN RAILWAY BRIDGES AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR TECHNICAL CONDITION
This article examines corrosion in railway bridges and its impact on strength and service life. Corrosion reduces structural cross-section, lowers load capacity, and increases failure risk. Types, causes, and assessment methods are discussed. Protection measures, such as coatings, improved concrete, cathodic protection, and drainage, help extend service life and ensure safety.
SIMILAR AND DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF STYLISTIC DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
This article presents a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in the English and Uzbek languages, focusing on their similarities and differences. The study examines key stylistic devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, and symbolism, analyzing their usage in both languages. In particular, stylistic features in A Farewell to Arms are explored and compared with their Uzbek equivalents. The findings reveal that stylistic devices in both languages perform similar communicative functions; however, their expression differs depending on grammatical structure and cultural context. In English, especially in the works of Ernest Hemingway, simplicity and conciseness are dominant, whereas Uzbek tends to employ more expressive and emotionally rich stylistic forms.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON LANGUAGE LEARNING AND LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE IN THE DIGITAL ERA
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reshaped language learning practices and theoretical perspectives in applied linguistics. AI-driven technologies, including intelligent tutoring systems, automated feedback tools, and conversational agents, offer personalized and immediate learning support. Despite these advantages, concerns have emerged regarding learner autonomy, cognitive dependency, and the depth of linguistic competence acquired through AI-mediated learning. This article critically examines the dual impact of AI on language learning, focusing on its influence on motivation, engagement, and linguistic development in EFL contexts. Drawing on classroom-based observations and existing literature, the study highlights both the transformative potential and the limitations of AI integration. The findings suggest that while AI enhances accessibility and efficiency, its effectiveness depends on pedagogically informed implementation that preserves human interaction and critical thinking.
CONCEPTUAL STUDY OF THE LINGUOCULTURAL UNIT “TIME” IN ENGLISH CORPORA
This article explores the concept of time within English linguistic corpora from a cognitive, cultural, and linguo-philosophical perspective. Drawing on the theoretical framework of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, the study examines how time is conceptualized through cognitive metaphors and represented across different linguistic and cultural domains.
STAGES AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF THE FACADE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS
This article provides a systematic analysis of the influence of modern facade elements on the internal microclimate, heat, and air exchange processes of buildings, and provides recommendations for determining optimal parameter ranges.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSLATION STUDIES IN LINGUISTICS
The article examines the role and significance of translation studies as a scientific discipline within the system of modern linguistics. The contribution of the linguistic theory of translation to the development of various branches of linguistics—from structural typology to cognitive science—is analyzed. It is shown that translation studies serves not only as an applied discipline for training professional translators but also as a theoretically significant field for studying the nature of language, mechanisms of interlingual communication, and cognitive processes of speech production and perception. Particular attention is paid to the methodological potential of translation studies as a tool for linguistic analysis and its role in forming interdisciplinary links between linguistics, cultural studies, psycholinguistics, and information technology.
THE IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION AND UPBRINGING IN NAVOI’S WORKS
This article examines the artistic as well as spiritual-philosophical interpretation of education and upbringing in the works of Alisher Navoi. It analyzes the significance of the pursuit of knowledge and enlightenment, etiquette and morality, the upbringing of the perfect person, teacher-student relations, and such virtues as kindness, justice, generosity, and honesty in the thinker’s creative heritage. Navoi’s works emphasize that human perfection is formed not only through acquiring knowledge, but also through the harmony of high moral upbringing. The article substantiates that the educational ideas advanced in the writer’s works such as Khamsa, Mahbub ul-Qulub, and Hayrat ul-Abror serve as an important source for the spirituality of today’s youth and for the educational process. It also reveals the importance of Navoi’s legacy in educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism, гуманism, diligence, and respect for knowledge.
Khudoyorova Nigora Nuriddinovna, Xalilova Naima Xudoynazar kizi
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN SENIOR SCHOOL STUDENTS
This article examines the methodological foundations for developing intercultural communicative competence in senior school students. In the context of globalization, rapid digital communication, and increasing interaction among representatives of different cultures, the formation of intercultural competence has become one of the essential objectives of modern education. The study highlights the pedagogical significance of integrating language learning with cultural awareness, tolerance, empathy, and communicative flexibility. Special attention is given to the improvement of the methodological system through interactive strategies, dialogic learning, role-based communication, authentic materials, and problem-based tasks. The article substantiates that the effective formation of intercultural communicative competence in senior school students requires a systematic, student-centered, and practice-oriented approach. The proposed methodological framework contributes to the development of learners’ communicative abilities, critical thinking, and readiness for constructive intercultural dialogue.
THE GOLD OF THE AMU DARYA: BETWEEN THE PAST AND THE FUTURE THE AMU DARYA TREASURE: PRESERVATION, STUDY, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
The Amu Darya Treasure, widely known in international scholarship as the Oxus Treasure, is one of the most important collections of ancient precious metalwork associated with Central Asia and the Achaemenid world. The surviving objects, including jewelry, plaques, vessels, statuettes, and coins, are generally dated to the 5th–4th centuries BCE, and the find is commonly linked to the area of Takht-i Kuwad near the Oxus, or Amu Darya, River. Today, major objects from the treasure are preserved and displayed by the British Museum, where they are treated as outstanding examples of Achaemenid metalwork. This article examines the historical and artistic significance of the treasure, the major challenges of preservation and interpretation, and the future perspectives of research, conservation, digitization, and international scholarly cooperation. It argues that the Amu Darya Treasure should be understood not only as a collection of ancient luxury objects, but also as a cultural bridge connecting the historical memory of Central Asia with the technological and ethical responsibilities of the present.
TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF APPLE FRUIT’S
This article describes the results of research on the technological characteristics of apple varieties suitable for drying. In this, the main indicators of apple varieties selected for experiments were analyzed and scientifically based conclusions were made. The article also examines the possibility of preserving fruits grown in agriculture, creating high added value as a result of their processing, and increasing the opportunities for exporting the grown crop not in raw form, but in the form of finished semi-finished products by improving processing technologies. The preservation of the naturalness of apples by drying them, as well as the varieties of dried apples, were studied, the results obtained from drying of all varieties were analyzed on a scientific basis, and proposals and recommendations were developed. Factors such as size and hardness of fruits were analyzed when drying them, and the amount of volume the fruit loses during drying, as well as the expected economic and social effect as a result of the added value in the resulting semi-finished products, were analyzed. The additional jobs created through the introduction of fruit drying technology and the economic efficiency obtained as a result of a sharp reduction in fruit losses were analyzed.
CONTROL OF THE DENSITY OF THE RAW MATERIAL IN THE ARRALI GIM WORKING CHAMBER BASED ON THE LOAD CURRENT OF THE ACCELERATOR ELECTRIC MOTOR
This article analyzes the impact of raw material density on gin productivity, energy consumption, and fiber and seed quality during the saw ginning process. Based on scientific research conducted since 2010, issues related to raw material density stabilization in the ginning chamber are identified. The feasibility of using the accelerator motor load current as an informative parameter for assessing the process status is substantiated. The scientific significance of technological solutions aimed at adaptive control of the ginning process is demonstrated.
Kenjayeva Muazzam Isroiljon kizi,Ergashev Jamoliddin Samatovich
IMAM AD-DARIMI’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC SCIENCES
The article offers a comprehensive examination of the life and scholarly legacy of the ninth-century muhaddis Imam ad-Darimi of Samarkand and highlights his pivotal role in the development of ilm al-islamiya. Through a source-based analysis of his only fully preserved work, Sunan ad-Darimi, the study identifies his methodological contributions and evaluates his influence on the evolution of hadith scholarship. Recognized as one of the significant early collections of authentic prophetic traditions, Sunan ad-Darimi provides valuable insights into the formation of hadith sciences during a formative period. The research also uncovers another component of ad-Darimi’s scholarly heritage as-Sulasiyyat, a compilation of fifteen narrations integrated within his Sunan. These findings confirm Imam ad-Drimi’s essential place in the intellectual history of the Islamic tradition and underscore his enduring impact on the systematization and transmission of hadith knowledge.
PHONOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS AND PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF ABLAUT REDUPLICATION IN MODERN ENGLISH
Reduplication is a cross-linguistically widespread morphological process; however, its role in English is limited and largely lexicalized. This article focuses on ablaut reduplication, a subtype characterized by vowel alternation in paired forms such as tick-tock and flip-flop. The study investigates the phonological constraints governing these structures and analyzes their pragmatic and stylistic functions in modern English. Drawing on recent linguistic research (2019–2024), the paper demonstrates that ablaut reduplication follows systematic vowel ordering patterns and serves expressive, iconic, and discourse-related functions. The findings reveal that despite its marginal productivity, ablaut reduplication remains a significant feature of informal and creative English usage.
Abdullayeva Kamola Abdurashidovna, Jumatov Alibek Ne’mat o’g’li
FORMATION OF ECOLOGICAL CULTURE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH AESTHETIC EDUCATION
This article addresses the issue of developing ecological culture among primary school students. It substantiates the growing intensity of environmental problems in the context of globalization and scientific and technological progress, as well as the necessity of forming ecological awareness and responsibility in the younger generation from an early age. The role of primary education in shaping students’ initial knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral norms toward nature is revealed.
Bobokholova Madina Odil qizi, Pardayeva Gulchehra Safarovna
ANIMAL-RELATED PROVERBS AND IDIOMS AS REFLECTIONS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
This study provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of animal-related proverbs and idioms in English and Uzbek languages. Drawing on cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics, and paremiology, the research investigates how zoonymic expressions encode national identity, worldview, and socio-cultural values. The findings reveal both universal metaphorical patterns and culture-specific conceptualizations shaped by historical lifestyle, environment, and collective cognition.
THE PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DEVELOPING MULTILINGUALISM AND MULTICULTURALISM IN CLIL CLASSROOMS
This article examines how Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) fosters both multilingualism and multicultural understanding by strengthening linguistic competencies and intercultural awareness. It delves into the foundational didactic principles guiding CLIL, discusses strategies for its practical application in diverse educational contexts, and evaluates its overall effectiveness in seamlessly integrating content knowledge with language development to enrich learners' global perspectives.
Abdurakhmonov Mirshod Olimjon o’g’li, Bakhriddinova Anora Otabek qizi
THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL PLASTIC SCULPTURE IN SCULPTURE ART
This article examines the historical origins and evolutionary development of small plastic sculpture (minor sculpture) as a distinct branch of sculptural art. Based on archaeological, historical, and art-historical sources, the study explores the emergence of small-scale sculptural forms from prehistoric times to modern periods. The paper analyzes materials, functions, symbolic meanings, and stylistic transformations of small plastic works across different civilizations. The research highlights the continuity and transformation of this artistic form, emphasizing its cultural, religious, and aesthetic significance.
ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЭЛАСТОГРАФИИ В ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ И КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ
Эластография молочной железы — современный ультразвуковой метод, позволяющий количественно и качественно оценивать жесткость тканей, что важно для дифференциальной диагностики доброкачественных и злокачественных узлов. Настоящая статья рассматривает физические принципы компрессионной и сдвиговолновой эластографии, возможности оценки жесткости в килопаскалях, влияние метода на точность BI-RADS классификации, а также перспективы интеграции в практику с применением искусственного интеллекта и трёхмерного картирования. Подчёркиваются преимущества метода, а также ограничения, связанные с особенностями ткани, глубиной залегания образования и наличием кальцинатов.
FORMATION OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AND LIFE SAFETY CULTURE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article examines the formation of a healthy lifestyle and life safety culture in the educational process. The content of a healthy lifestyle, its main components, and its pedagogical, psychological, and social significance are analyzed. The role of the education system in developing safe behavior skills is substantiated, as well as the importance of innovative pedagogical technologies and modern teaching methods. Effective ways of forming a culture of health and safety among students are presented.
MODERN PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING THE SUBJECT “LIFE SAFETY”
This article analyzes the main pedagogical principles of teaching the course “Life Safety,” their content and practical significance. Particular attention is paid to the principles of relevance, integration, systematicity, fundamentality, humanization, environmentalization, axiological and activity-based approaches. The necessity of developing the course content in the context of national security is substantiated. The findings indicate that this subject plays a crucial role in forming students’ safety culture, life competencies, and social responsibility .
COGNITIVE, METACOGNITIVE, AND MOTIVATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF INTELLIGENCE IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF INDIVIDUAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational determinants of intelligence in personality development on the basis of an integrative approach. Intelligence is not limited only to the level of knowledge acquisition or academic results; it is also determined by a person’s ability to solve problems, adapt to new situations, control their thinking processes, set goals, manage themselves, and activate internal motivation. Therefore, in modern psychology, there is an increasing need to study intelligence not as a separate cognitive ability, but as a complex psychological system formed through the interrelation of cognitive processes, metacognitive control, and motivational factors.
MIGRATION IN UZBEK LITERATURE: HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND CONTEMPORARY INTERPRETATIONS (WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD)
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the migration theme in Uzbek literature, tracing its evolution from traditional epics to contemporary postcolonial narratives. Based on precise statistical data from international organizations (UN, IOM) and Uzbek state statistics, the study examines how labor migration to Russia (affecting 10-12% of Uzbekistan's population, approximately 2-2.5 million people by 2010) has transformed literary discourse since independence in 1991. Applying postcolonial theory (Bhabha's "third space," hybridity, Said's Orientalism) and transnational analysis methods, the article identifies key literary trends: economic causation versus family tragedy motifs, cultural identity crisis and "unhomeliness," nostalgia and return desires. Comparative analysis with world literature (Rushdie, Lahiri) reveals both universal tendencies (hybridity, displacement) and specific features of Uzbek labor migration literature. The study employs discourse analysis and narrative analysis to demonstrate how Uzbek literature critically engages with social policy, unemployment, and family disintegration while gradually incorporating global postcolonial theoretical frameworks.
ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE AND ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
This study examines the functional state and adaptive capacity of adolescents residing in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The research focuses on key physiological indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in adolescents aged 15–17 years. The findings indicate that the natural, climatic, and environmental conditions of the region significantly influence the functional state of the body and its adaptive capacity. The results obtained may be useful for assessing adolescent health status and for developing preventive health measures.
RESEARCH ON TERMINOLOGY ISSUES IN UZBEK SIGN LANGUAGE
This article analyzes the relevance, formation process and practical application of terminology issues in Uzbek sign language. The development of sign language is an important factor in the education, socialization and professional activities of people with hearing impairments. The study covers the issues of creating terms, standardizing them and integrating them into the educational process based on modern linguistic approaches. It also shows ways to improve the terminological system based on national and international experience, regulatory legal acts and innovative pedagogical technologies. The results of the study serve to develop Uzbek sign language, consolidate terms into a single system and effectively use them in practice.
Urunova Zakhro Nizomiddinovna,Bakhromova Nasiba Abduvaliyevna
PROBLEMS OF FIGHTING INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AND THE ROLE OF UZBEKISTAN
Over the past 26 years, international terrorism has become one of the most important factors threatening global security. The cross-border activities of terrorist networks, their very precise and effective use of modern information technologies, and their ability and skill in hiding financial sources make the fight against this scourge, terrorism, much more complicated. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the main problems in the fight against terrorism, including the return of foreign fighters to their homeland, online propaganda and ideological extremism. The article specifically examines the role of Uzbekistan in the fight against terrorism on a global and regional scale. It discusses preventive measures, the significant role of ideological resistance work and international cooperation, and shows Uzbekistan's successful experience in this area. The article provides statistical data on Uzbekistan and Central Asia, and presents the dynamics of terrorist acts and the effectiveness of the fight against them in tables. I can also say that over the past 25 years, you can see that there have been no major terrorist attacks on the territory of Uzbekistan, deradicalization programs are yielding positive results, and the significant importance of joint activities being carried out within the framework of international cooperation is noted.
Mardonova Saodat Muzaffarovna,Akhmedova Firuzabonu
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF DERIVATIVE VOCABULARY IN KARAKALPAK AND RUSSIAN PROVERBS
This article provides a comparative analysis of the functioning of derivative vocabulary in Karakalpak and Russian proverbs and sayings. The structural and semantic features of derivational patterns in the two languages ​​are examined, identifying common and nationally specific features. Particular attention is paid to the role of derivative words in shaping the imagery, evaluativeness, and cultural meanings of proverbs. The analysis revealed that despite typological differences (the inflectional nature of Russian and the agglutinative nature of Karakalpak), derivative vocabulary in both languages ​​performs similar cognitive and axiological functions.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT FOR TOTAL AND SUBTOTAL EPISPADIAS IN CHILDREN
The aim of this study was to improve treatment outcomes in children with total and subtotal epispadias by optimizing surgical techniques. A retrospective analysis was performed on 44 out of 71 patients treated between 1998 and 2024 at the Department of Pediatric Surgery of Tashkent State Medical University and the Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Pediatric Surgery. The patients were aged 1 to 11 years. In 79.5% of cases, penile length was reduced twofold compared to age norms, and in 9.0% it was reduced by 2.5 times; all patients had penile torsion and complete urinary incontinence. Complete urinary continence was achieved in 45.5% of cases, and partial continence in 18.2%, with overall good and satisfactory outcomes in 63.7% of patients. Although one-stage orthoneourethroplasty allows simultaneous penile straightening and urethral reconstruction, it does not fully eliminate urinary incontinence. Therefore, further improvement of sphincteroplasty and pubic symphysis approximation techniques is recommended.
Xudaynazarov X.X, Xotamov X.N, Fayzullayev T.S, Shixov Y.O
THE ROLE OF STRESS FACTORS IN SEVERE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM DURING ORGANOGENESIS IN CHILDREN
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of parental, particularly maternal, stress experienced during pregnancy on the development of severe congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. A total of 118 children aged 1 to 15 years with various forms of epispadias and bladder exstrophy were clinically examined. Analysis of anamnestic data revealed that 104 patients (88.1%) were exposed to different types of stress during the organogenesis period of fetal development. The obtained results indicate that psycho-emotional factors play a significant role in the development of severe congenital anomalies of the urogenital system, especially those complicated by urinary incontinence. Intense and prolonged stress during pregnancy may negatively affect normal fetal development, leading to structural and functional abnormalities of the urinary and reproductive systems. [2]Therefore, reducing stress factors in pregnant women, ensuring psychological stability, and strengthening early preventive measures are essential for decreasing the risk of congenital anomalies.
Xudaynazarov X.X., Xotamov X.N., Fayzullayev T.S., Zulpikariyev D.D., Axmedov A.I.
PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL-LAW QUALIFICATION IN THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 167 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UZBEKISTAN: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the problems of criminal-law qualification arising in the practical application of Article 167 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan (misappropriation or embezzlement of entrusted property). The relevance of the study is conditioned by the growth in property-related crimes and the increasing need to correctly distinguish related corpus delicti, particularly under Articles 167, 168, 169, and, in certain cases, Article 170 of the Criminal Code. Using official statistical indicators as contextual evidence, the study highlights the practical risks of hasty qualification based on shortages, documentary inconsistencies, or the formal presence of a “trust” element.The article identifies four key groups of qualification problems: (1) determining the practical boundaries between “entrusted property” and property merely under the offender’s factual control; (2) distinguishing criminal misappropriation/embezzlement from inventory shortages and breaches of economic/management discipline; (3) delimiting Article 167 from official/malfeasance crimes and resolving issues of concurrence of crimes; and (4) ensuring uniform application of the General Part norms in sentencing, including the proper use of rules on individualization of punishment.The study applies a systemic approach, formal-legal analysis, logical-analytical examination of law-enforcement practice, comparative legal analysis, and the analysis of official statistical indicators. A comparative review of the legislation of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Germany demonstrates both conceptual similarities and differences in normative drafting techniques. The findings show that while the Uzbek model is conceptually consistent with the post-Soviet codification tradition, further methodological clarification of key criteria and a more consistent interpretation of qualifying features are necessary to improve uniformity and accuracy in law enforcement practice.
THE INTERPLAY OF DEIXIS AND INTERJECTIONS IN EXPRESSIVE AND REFERENTIAL COMMUNICATION
The study of the functional and structural characteristics of words in linguistics is essential for understanding the logical system of language and its communicative potential. Modal and imitative words play a significant role in expressing the expressive and cultural dimensions of language. Modal words reflect the speaker’s attitude, including probability, obligation, and evaluation, while imitative words convey natural phenomena and emotions through phonetic representation. This paper aims to analyze modal and imitative words within a systematic-structural framework. The study focuses on identifying their lexical and grammatical features, classifying their communicative functions, and examining their interrelations within the language system. The findings contribute to the development of methodological approaches in linguistic theory and highlight the role of expressive language units in cultural and communicative sustainability.
SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS: EMOTIONAL FATIGUE AMONG EDUCATORS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article provides a scientific analysis of the socio-psychological factors shaping emotional fatigue among educators working in higher education institutions. The study aims to identify the psychological mechanisms associated with teachers' work efficiency, their interaction with the social environment, stress, and professional workload. The article examines methods for measuring emotional fatigue, as well as its impact on educators' motivation and professional development from both theoretical and practical perspectives.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND ITS MANIFESTATIONS IN THE ORAL CAVITY
This article provides a scientific analysis of the theoretical foundations, etiology, and pathogenesis of erythema multiforme (EM). During the research process, the role of immunological mechanisms, infectious, and allergic factors in the development of the disease was substantiated. In addition, the clinical manifestations of EM in the oral cavity, particularly the formation of erosions, ulcers, and inflammatory lesions, were systematically described. Based on clinical observations, the main symptoms of the disease, their localization, and their impact on the patient’s condition were identified. The research results indicate the necessity of differential diagnosis of EM from other mucosal diseases. The article also justifies the importance of early detection, accurate diagnosis, and comprehensive treatment approaches. The obtained scientific results expand the possibilities for effective management of EM in dental and dermatological practice.
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANIFESTATION OF MULTIFORM EXSUDATIVE ERYTHEMA IN THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBERS
This article examines the clinical manifestations of multiform exudative erythema in the skin and mucous membranes. During the study, the etiological factors of the disease were analyzed, specifically the influence of infectious and allergic factors. Based on clinical observations, the primary symptoms encountered in patients were identified as erythematous-papular rashes, "target" elements, and erosions on the mucous membranes. Mild, moderate, and severe forms of the disease were compared, and their clinical differences were substantiated. Cases associated with the herpes simplex virus and the recurrent nature of the disease were also discussed. The results of the study demonstrated the importance of early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and the development of effective treatment measures for multiform exudative erythema.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH PHONETIC EXERCISES
This article covers the scientific and methodological foundations of teaching primary school students through phonetic exercises. During the research process, the role of phonetic exercises in forming students' speech competence, their didactic possibilities, and practical effectiveness were analyzed. In particular, the importance of phonetic exercises in understanding the relationship between sound and letter, developing phonemic hearing, and developing correct pronunciation skills was substantiated. The necessity of systematic and step-by-step organization of phonetic exercises and the effectiveness of their application in accordance with the age characteristics of students were also scientifically explained. The research results showed that through phonetic exercises, students' oral and written speech develops, literacy levels increase, and cognitive processes are activated. The article also puts forward practical recommendations for organizing phonetic exercises based on modern pedagogical approaches.
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWORKS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH PATRIOTISM IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION: EVIDENCE FROM UZBEKISTAN AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES
Digital media and social networks have become primary arenas for youth identity formation, exerting both positive and negative influences on the development of patriotism amid globalization. This study investigates how social platforms shape patriotic orientations among Uzbek youth, drawing on social identity theory and digital nationalism frameworks. Through a mixed-methods approach—combining systematic literature review, thematic analysis of policy documents, and secondary empirical data from regional and international studies—the research reveals an ambivalent impact: social media can reinforce national pride through user-generated patriotic content and cultural sharing, yet it often promotes cosmopolitan values, value relativism, misinformation, and cultural homogenization that erode emotional attachment to the homeland. In Uzbekistan, where state policy (e.g., Cabinet Resolution No. 34 of 2026 on patriotic education in continuing education) emphasizes ideological resilience, digital exposure poses challenges such as reduced face-to-face civic engagement and vulnerability to foreign ideological influences. Findings indicate that without targeted media literacy interventions, prolonged social media use correlates with weaker national identity markers, while strategic integration of patriotic themes into digital platforms enhances civic responsibility and “glocal” belonging. The paper proposes a hybrid model for Uzbekistan: leveraging digital tools for patriotic content dissemination while building critical digital competencies. This contributes to Web of Science-aligned discourse in comparative education, youth studies, and digital sociology, offering policy insights for post-Soviet contexts navigating globalization.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRATITUDE, CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY, AND PATRIOTISM AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: EVIDENCE FROM UZBEKISTAN
Gratitude, civic responsibility, and patriotism are interconnected psychological and socio-political constructs that play a vital role in fostering national cohesion and youth development, particularly in post-Soviet transitioning societies like Uzbekistan. This study examines the relationships among these variables among university students in Uzbekistan, a context shaped by state-driven patriotic education policies under the “New Uzbekistan” development strategy. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 428 undergraduate students (mean age = 20.4 years; 52% female) from major universities in Tashkent. Standardized instruments included the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6; McCullough et al., 2002), a Civic Responsibility Scale adapted from established measures (α = .87), and a 5-item Patriotism Scale adapted from Hu et al. (2024) and local pedagogical diagnostics (α = .89). Pearson correlations, multiple regression, and mediation analysis (via PROCESS macro, Model 4) revealed significant positive relationships: gratitude with civic responsibility (r = .48, p < .001), civic responsibility with patriotism (r = .55, p < .001), and gratitude with patriotism (r = .51, p < .001). Civic responsibility partially mediated the gratitude-patriotism link (indirect effect = .21, 95% CI [.15, .28], p < .001). These findings align with prior international research (e.g., Hu et al., 2024) while highlighting Uzbekistan-specific factors such as state-sponsored civic education. Implications for higher education policy, including integration of gratitude-based interventions into civic curricula, are discussed. Limitations include self-report bias and cross-sectional design; longitudinal studies in diverse regions of Uzbekistan are recommended.
MILITARY-PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF YOUTH: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION IN UZBEKISTAN
Military-patriotic education constitutes a core component of state youth policy in post-Soviet transitioning societies, blending theoretical foundations of value formation with practical mechanisms for preparing youth for national defense and civic duty. This study explores the theoretical underpinnings and practical implementation of military-patriotic education (harbiy-vatanparvarlik tarbiyasi) among Uzbek youth, within the framework of the “New Uzbekistan” strategy and the Third Renaissance vision. Drawing on document analysis of key policies (e.g., Cabinet of Ministers Resolution No. 34 of January 28, 2026, and the 2023–2027 Concept) and a mixed-methods survey of 385 university and secondary-school students (aged 16–22; 51% male) from Tashkent and regional institutions, the research reveals strong alignment between theoretical models and state programs. Quantitative data indicate high participant satisfaction with “Schools of Courage” (Jasorat maktablari) initiatives (M = 4.67/5.00, α = .89), with significant positive correlations between program participation and self-reported patriotic readiness (r = .62, p < .001). Qualitative thematic analysis highlights effective integration of historical heritage (e.g., Amir Temur’s legacy) and modern pre-conscription training, though gaps persist in rural outreach and digital engagement. Findings extend global pedagogical frameworks while underscoring Uzbekistan-specific adaptations amid geopolitical challenges. Policy recommendations include scaling digital modules and longitudinal impact evaluation to enhance effectiveness.
METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN STUDENTS OF THE DIRECTION OF MILITARY EDUCATION UP TO THE CALL
The article explores the importance of nurturing youth in the spirit of military patriotism. It emphasizes that nurturing youth, future successors, in the spirit of high spiritual and moral qualities, patriotism, military knowledge, humanity, physical strength, and national pride is the most pressing task of our time.
IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANISMS FOR ORGANIZING INDEPENDENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES OF STUDENTS
This article analyzes the scientific-theoretical and practical management of the subject of normal physiology in higher education institutions to ensure the mechanisms for creating independent learning capacity of students. Improving the appearance of independent learning of students in the modern education system is a strategic task. The study examined the didactic foundations of independent learning, pedagogical conditions and methods of effective organization. It was substantiated that the complex theoretical and practical content of the subject of normal physiology requires a high level of independent learning competence from students.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INTEGRATING TECHNICAL DRAWING IN GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOLS BASED ON THE STEAM EDUCATION CONCEPT
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of integrating the subject “Technical Drawing” in general education schools based on the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics) education concept. The role of technical drawing in interdisciplinary integration and its importance in developing students’ technical and creative thinking are highlighted.
ACMEOLOGICAL APPROACH TO DEVELOPING CREATIVE THINKING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION: A THEORETICAL-CONCEPTUAL MODEL
This study aims to develop a theoretical-conceptual model integrating acmeological principles with gamification-based didactic systems to foster creative thinking in primary education. The proposed Acmeological-Gamification Didactic System (AGDS) model comprises four interdependent structural components: (1) acmeological trajectory mapping, (2) gamified motivational scaffolding, (3) creative competence formation, and (4) reflective self-assessment. The model demonstrates theoretical compatibility with contemporary approaches to developing creative thinking and motivation in primary education.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDICATORS OF LOHMANN BROWN AND LOHMANN SANDY CROSS CHICKENS
Based on the eggs obtained from Loman-Brown and Loman-Sandy cross chickens and the profit obtained from them, the consumption of food given to chickens, food costs, and production costs, the economic efficiency of cross chickens was determined.
Fattaeva Umida Bakhriddinovna,Ballasov Ulugbek Sheraliyevich,Isamukhamedov Solikh Shukurovich
МЕТОДИКА ОБУЧЕНИЯ ОСНОВАМ КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ШВЕЙНЫХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ В ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЕ
В статье рассматриваются методические основы обучения конструированию и технологии изготовления швейных изделий в общеобразовательной школе. Анализируются современные педагогические подходы, направленные на формирование у учащихся практических навыков, технологической грамотности и творческого мышления. Особое внимание уделяется сочетанию теоретических знаний с практической деятельностью, а также использованию инновационных методов обучения и цифровых технологий. Показано, что эффективная методика обучения способствует развитию у учащихся интереса к труду и профессиональной ориентации.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FEMALE IMAGE IN SALOMAT VAFO’S STORY
This article examines the female image depicted in Salomat Vafo’s story through a comparative analysis. The study explores the social status, inner experiences, and role of the woman in the narrative, comparing them with female characters in other literary works. The analysis highlights the psychological depth, devotion, and complex life choices of the protagonist. As a result, it is revealed that the author portrays the female character not only as an individual figure but also as a generalized social symbol.
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of improving marketing activities within a company’s strategic management system. In the context of a rapidly evolving global economy, marketing has transformed from a purely promotional function into a key strategic driver of competitive advantage. The study explores the integration of marketing into strategic decision-making, the role of data-driven approaches, the importance of customer-centricity, and the impact of digital transformation on marketing effectiveness. Drawing on empirical evidence and international research reports, the paper demonstrates that companies aligning marketing with corporate strategy achieve higher growth rates, improved customer retention, and stronger market positioning. The findings confirm that enhancing marketing at the strategic level is essential for ensuring long-term sustainability and competitiveness.
COMPETITIVE STRATEGY AND FIRM PERFORMANCE
This study explores the role of competitive strategy in enhancing firm performance in modern markets. It focuses on how companies achieve sustainable competitive advantage through strategic positioning, efficiency, and innovation. Using empirical insights from global and emerging markets, including Central Asia, the paper evaluates how cost efficiency and differentiation contribute to profitability and long-term growth. Statistical evidence suggests that firms adopting clearly defined strategies outperform those with inconsistent positioning. The research highlights the importance of strategic clarity, organizational capabilities, and market adaptation in achieving superior performance outcomes.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AI-BASED FRAUD DETECTION IN DIGITAL BANKING: EVIDENCE FROM UZBEKISTAN (2020–2025)
This study investigates the effectiveness of AI-based fraud detection systems within the digital banking sector of Uzbekistan between 2020 and 2025. It analyzes the performance metrics of these systems, including false positive rates, true positive rates, and overall fraud reduction, to assess their impact on financial security. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from banking institutions with qualitative insights from industry experts. Findings aim to provide valuable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and technology developers seeking to enhance fraud prevention strategies in emerging digital economies. Ultimately, this paper contributes to understanding the practical application and efficacy of AI in combating financial crime in a specific regional context.
Urozova Nigora Toshmurodovna,Kuralbayeva Nursulu Kuatbekovna, Oralboyeva Ruxshona Vafoyevna
THE CURRENT STATE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN UZBEKISTAN AND ITS INTEGRATIVE CULTURAL ROLE
This scholarly article is devoted to defining the role of the Russian language in the development of intercultural dialogue in the multinational society of Uzbekistan. It is shown that, while preserving its integrating function (a "bridge"), the Russian language is adapting to current challenges of the time, including digital transformation, youth cultural trends, and the expansion of international contacts. As a key conclusion, the necessity of finding a balance between strengthening national-cultural identity and using the Russian language as a strategic resource for further development is substantiated.
Temirova Shoira Gaybullaevna, Orifzoda Madinabonu,Orifzoda Mokhinbonu
OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME OF COMMERCIAL BRIBERY INVOLVING AN EMPLOYEE OF A NON-GOVERNMENTAL NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION OR ANOTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
This article examines the objective and subjective elements of the crime of commercial bribery involving employees of non-governmental non-profit organizations and other non-governmental organizations by applying an IMRAD-based structure and synthesizing academic research, demonstrating that this form of corruption reflects a complex interaction between legal elements and criminological factors, requiring precise legal qualification and comprehensive preventive mechanisms to ensure accountability and integrity in the private and nonprofit sectors
INFLUENCE OF NATURAL PHENOMENA (NE) ON MATERIAL DAMAGE ON RAILROAD AREAS AND ITS CONSTRUCTION IN MOUNTAINOUS PLACES
This article examines the issue of optimal operation of the railway as a result of a landslide, which leads to a decrease in capacity in the mining sections of the Republic during the transportation of goods and passengers. To determine the impact of natural disasters on the technical and economic indicators of the railway, the train schedule was modeled in two versions in the mountainous areas of the Republic.
IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND IOT TECHNOLOGIES IN INTELLIGENT MEASURING SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR VEGETABLE OIL PRODUCTION
The article presents a systematic overview of modern approaches to integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into intelligent measuring sensor systems, with a focused application in vegetable oil production. Architectural models, data processing methods, machine learning algorithms, energy efficiency, security, and scalability issues are examined in detail. Applications in industry, energy, transport, medicine, and smart city systems are analyzed for broader context, while special attention is devoted to the unique requirements of vegetable oil processing stages, including raw material reception and quality assessment, seed cleaning and conditioning, mechanical pressing or solvent extraction, refining (degumming, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization), quality control (acidity, peroxide value, color, clarity, oxidative stability), and final storage and packaging. Particular emphasis is placed on the Edge AI and TinyML concepts, which ensure the transfer of intelligent processing directly to the sensor level, enabling real-time decision-making with minimal latency. The prospects for the development of neuromorphic computing, self-sustaining sensory nodes, and seamless integration with 5G/6G infrastructure are thoroughly substantiated, highlighting their potential to enhance sustainability, product quality, and operational efficiency in the vegetable oil industry.
Umidjon Ruziev,Elyor Samadov,Elbek Ortikov
THE ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION OF THE IMAGE OF BOBUR IN KYRGYZ EPICS
This article examines the depiction of Babur in the Kyrgyz folk epic “Kurmanbek” under the name “Bakburhan” as an unparalleled hero and just ruler, as well as the reflection in folklore of historical elements related to his rule in Afghanistan. In addition, the article analyzes the artistic interpretations of the Uzbek ethnonym in the epic and the image of Babur’s daughter (Kanishay).
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON MODERN LANGUAGE
This study explores how technology is changing the way we use language today. With the rise of social media, messaging apps, blogs, and online forums, people now communicate faster and more creatively than ever before. New words, abbreviations like “LOL” and “BRB”, emojis, and casual writing styles have become normal. While these changes make communication quicker and more fun, they also raise questions about what’s happening to traditional grammar and formal writing.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
This articlе еxaminеs thе fundamеntal principlеs that guidе thе activitiеs of law еnforcеmеnt agеnciеs in modеrn sociеtiеs. It еxplorеs kеy concеpts such as lеgality, accountability, transparеncy, rеspеct for human rights, and proportional usе of forcе. Thе study highlights thе importancе of adhеrеncе to constitutional norms and intеrnational lеgal standards in maintaining public trust and еnsuring еffеctivе crimе prеvеntion. Furthеrmorе, thе articlе analyzеs thе rolе of profеssionalism, еthical conduct, and community coopеration in еnhancing thе еfficiеncy of law еnforcеmеnt bodiеs. By synthеsizing thеorеtical pеrspеctivеs and practical approachеs, thе rеsеarch providеs a comprеhеnsivе undеrstanding of thе corе principlеs that undеrpin lawful and just policing practicеs.
TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRACTION OF BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES FROM CEREAL BRAINS
This article discusses the technology of extraction of bioactive substances from cereal grains, its theoretical foundations and practical significance. Cereal grains contain a high amount of vitamins, antioxidants, essential fatty acids and other biologically active compounds, and their effective extraction is important for the modern food and pharmaceutical industries. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of methods such as extraction, cold pressing, enzymatic processing. Special attention is also paid to the issues of preserving the quality of bioactive substances, ensuring their stability, and optimizing technological processes. The results of the research expand the possibilities of producing products with high added value based on bioactive substances obtained from cereal grains.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEREAL GRAINS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS
This article scientifically discusses the chemical composition of cereal grains and their importance as a source of essential fatty acids. Cereal grains are rich in proteins, vitamins (especially group E and B), minerals and biologically active compounds, and have important nutritional value for the human body. In particular, essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids are not synthesized in the body and must be obtained from external sources. The results of the study show that the use of cereal grains is of great importance in preventing cardiovascular diseases, strengthening the immune system and improving metabolic processes. At the same time, the prospects for the production of functional food products based on cereal germs are also substantiated.
BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM
This article discusses the biological role of essential fatty acids in the human body and their importance for health. Essential fatty acids, in particular the omega-3 and omega-6 groups, are not synthesized independently in the body and must be obtained through food. These substances, as components of cell membranes, ensure their elasticity and functional activity. They also play an important role in protecting the cardiovascular system, regulating inflammatory processes, supporting brain activity, and strengthening the immune system. The article also analyzes the negative consequences associated with a deficiency of essential fatty acids. The results of the study substantiate the role of these substances in the diet and their importance in a healthy diet.
THE ROLE OF FEEDBACK IN EFFECTIVE LEARNING
This article emphasizes the significance and function of feedback in the process of successful learning. Feedback plays a crucial role in assessing how well students have grasped knowledge, rectifying errors, encouraging self-assessment, and boosting motivation. It acts as a key element in the successful structuring of the learning process, enhancing students' mastery levels, and nurturing their responsibility and independent thinking abilities.
Karimova Umida Ochilovna, Qudratova Charosxon Nuriddin qizi
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF USING VIRTUAL VISUALIZATION TOOLS IN DEVELOPING STUDENTS' ACADEMIC AND DIGITAL ACTIVITIES
This article analyzes the didactic possibilities of using virtual visualization tools in developing students' academic and digital activities. The article identifies the impact of virtual visualization tools on the development of academic-digital competencies and the pedagogical prerequisites for their integration into the educational process.
SUBSTITUTION IN LINGUISTICS AND ITS ROLE IN COHESION
This study investigates substitution in linguistics and its role in achieving textual cohesion. Substitution is considered a grammatical cohesive device that replaces linguistic elements such as words, phrases, or clauses to avoid repetition and ensure smooth discourse flow. The research adopts a discourse analysis approach using a qualitative descriptive method to examine substitution patterns in Map of the Soul: 7 in the World of BTS by Murray Stein. The data consist of utterances containing different types of substitution identified across four chapters: Introduction, Persona, Shadow, and Ego. The findings reveal the presence of nominal, verbal, phrasal, and clausal substitutions, with varying frequency and functional distribution. The study also identifies additional patterns such as levels of substitution (high and low) and chained substitution. The results indicate that substitution plays a significant role in maintaining cohesion, improving readability, and avoiding redundancy in discourse.
REGIONAL TOURISM MARKET TO THE LEVEL OF THE NUMBERING OF THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS AND ITS ECONOMIC EFFECTS
this research regional tourism market to the introduction of cost-effective digital technology and their status in the management of the effects of are analyzed. Digital platforms, big data and artificial intelligence role in study destinatsiya management, indicators are proposed to assess the numbering level.
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE CONSEQUENCES OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY: FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE TO NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Childhood obesity is associated with a complex constellation of metabolic and endocrine disturbances that, if unaddressed, predict adult chronic disease with high fidelity. Objective: This review examines the specific metabolic pathways through which excess adiposity in childhood leads to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and reproductive endocrine disorders. Methods: Systematic narrative review of clinical studies, endocrinological investigations, and population cohort data from 2008 to 2024. Results: Adipose tissue expansion drives inflammatory cytokine production, free fatty acid spillover, and ectopic lipid deposition. These processes produce hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance, progressive β-cell dysfunction, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and in adolescent girls, polycystic ovarian syndrome. Conclusion: Early identification and intervention targeting metabolic comorbidities of childhood obesity are essential to preventing a generation-wide chronic disease epidemic.
Bakhodir Rakhimov, Erkin Sultanov, Qoʻziyeva Nilufar
THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF DIGITAL GADGETS ON THE HEALTH OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PHYSICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
Background: The proliferation of digital devices — smartphones, tablets, computers, and gaming consoles — among school-age children and adolescents has transformed childhood environments, with associated health consequences that are increasingly recognized as significant public health concerns. Objective: This article systematically reviews evidence on the negative health impacts of excessive gadget use among school children, including musculoskeletal, ophthalmological, neurological, psychological, and sleep-related consequences. Methods: Narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, systematic reviews, and international health organization reports published between 2010 and 2024. Results: Excessive screen time is associated with myopia progression, musculoskeletal disorders, sleep disruption, attention deficits, anxiety, depression, and social developmental delays. The Andijon region of Uzbekistan and similar Central Asian school-age populations are at elevated risk due to rapidly increasing device penetration without commensurate health literacy. Conclusion: Evidence-based digital health guidelines, school health programs, and parental education campaigns are critical to mitigate the adverse health effects of unregulated gadget use in children.
Bakhodir Rakhimov, Erkin Sultanov, Zaripov Sanjarbek, Muminov Ozodbek
THE IMPORTANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MOBILE APPS IN LANGUAGE EDUCATION
mobile apps represent a modern approach to learning foreign languages. While they serve as useful supplementary tools, they cannot replace traditional language education. Each app offers a unique method for language acquisition, with its own strengths and limitations, none stands out as the ultimate solution. Using a combination of different apps tends to be more effective than relying on a single one. Nevertheless, these apps primarily focus on language learning rather than language practice. As a result, language tutors, study groups, and other conventional educational methods remain essential and cannot be entirely replaced by mobile language learning apps.
Normuhammedova Bahora, Ro’zmonova Zarina
ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING MECHANISM FOR REPORTING CORRUPTION-RELATED VIOLATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the existing mechanism for reporting corruption-related offenses in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study examines the legal framework established by the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Combating Corruption” (2017), the institutional activities of the Anti-Corruption Agency, hotlines, anonymous reporting systems, online platforms, and the whistleblower protection system. Based on a comparative analysis with foreign experience, the effectiveness of the corruption reporting mechanism in the country has been assessed, existing problems have been identified, and scientific-practical proposals for their resolution have been developed.
THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL POLITICAL SITUATION ON THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
This study examines the impact of the global political situation on the global economy in the context of increasing geopolitical tensions and economic interdependence. The research focuses on how political factors such as international conflicts, trade disputes, sanctions, and strategic rivalry influence key economic processes, including global trade, investment flows, financial markets, and energy systems. Particular attention is given to recent developments such as the Russia–Ukraine War and the growing geopolitical competition between the United States and China.
THE IMPACT OF ESTABLISHING JOINT VENTURES WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ON INDUSTRY AND EMPLOYMENT
This study analyzes the impact of establishing joint ventures with developed countries on industrial development and employment. In the context of globalization and increasing economic integration, joint ventures have become an important mechanism for attracting foreign direct investment, facilitating technology transfer, and enhancing industrial competitiveness. The research focuses on cooperation with advanced economies such as Germany, Japan, and the United States, which provide access to modern technologies, managerial expertise, and global markets.
CHRONIC HYPERPLASTIC LARYNGITIS: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT METHODS
Chronic hyperplastic laryngitis is one of the inflammatory diseases of the larynx characterized by thickening of the mucous membrane and a prolonged clinical course. This article analyzes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment approaches of the disease. Particular attention is paid to its significance as a precancerous condition and preventive measures.
LEGAL STATUS AND CURRENT CONDITION OF DRIVERS’ WORK AND REST SCHEDULES
This article examines the legal and practical status of drivers’ work and rest schedules in road transport. The study focuses on the regulatory framework governing maximum driving time, mandatory breaks, daily and weekly rest periods, and the role of tachographs in monitoring compliance. The analysis shows that this field is primarily shaped by the AETR framework and European Union rules, especially Regulation (EC) No 561/2006, which establish common standards aimed at improving road safety, protecting drivers’ health, and ensuring fair competition in transport operations. The study also finds that digital and smart tachographs have become central tools of enforcement, increasing transparency and improving the detection of violations. At the same time, practical challenges remain, including inconsistent compliance, operational pressure on drivers, and gaps between legal requirements and actual transport practice. The article concludes that effective regulation in this field depends not only on clear legal norms but also on strong enforcement, digital supervision, and a better compliance culture among carriers and drivers.
Kozimov Hikmatillo Doniyorbek o‘g‘li,Nuriddinov Murodali Alijonovich
LEXICAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LOGISTIC TERMS
In this article, we conduct a scientific analysis of the lexical and semantic properties of terms related to logistics. The study examines the origins of logistics terms, the stages of their formation, their adaptation to the Uzbek language, and their division into semantic groups. Particular attention is paid to the introduction of new terms related to the development of the transport and logistics system in Uzbekistan, their assimilation from Russian and English, and their place in the national terminology.
Yuldasheva Dilnoza Bekmurodovna,Abdulloyev Nuralijon Umedullo oʻgʻli
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF WRITTEN SPEECH COMPETENCE AND ITS LINGUODIDACTIC INTERPRETATION
This article provides a systematic analysis of the theoretical foundations of written communicative competence and its linguodidactic interpretation. The study is conducted within the framework of the competence-based paradigm, communicative approach, and discourse theory. Written communicative competence is interpreted as a multi-component structure comprising linguistic, discursive, pragmatic, sociocultural, and strategic elements. An integrative-communicative model for teaching writing is substantiated. The findings indicate that written communicative competence is a complex cognitive and communicative process that encompasses not only grammatical knowledge but also critical thinking, social adaptability, and metacognitive regulation.
Zaynura Xuseynova, Absalamov Xiloliddin Uchkunovich
BASIC RULES AND MODERN METHODOLOGY OF LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
This article analyzes the main principles and methodological foundations of effective foreign language learning. The study examines psychological barriers arising in the process of language learning, techniques for working with memory, and the importance of creating a language environment. It also provides a scientific and practical justification of the recommendations recognized as the “golden rules” for language learners.
Baxodirova Farangiz Mansurovna, Karimova Umida Ochilovna
SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BY SECTOR AND INDUSTRY
This article presents the reforms currently being implemented to support the development of small business. It analyzes trends in small business development in the Andijan region by sectors and areas of activity, and examines the economic performance of newly established small enterprises and microfirms. Based on the conducted research, scientific proposals and practical recommendations have been developed.
SYNTHESIS OF HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS OF ACETYLENE ALCOHOL VINYL ETHERS
During the halogenation process of acetylene alcohol vinyl ether, hydrochloric acid was first added dropwise to potassium permanganate using a dropping funnel, and then several halogenated derivatives of vinyl ethers were synthesized.
Halimova Zulxumor Abdulla kizi,Ergashev Laziz Bekmurodovich
PRINCIPAL TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING HALOGENATED DERIVATIVES OF ACETYLENE ALCOHOL VINYL ETHERS
The presence of unsaturated bonds in the molecules of acetylene alcohol vinyl ethers ensures their high reactivity in halogenation reactions. This class of compounds is of great importance in organic synthesis practice, and their halogenated derivatives—especially polyhalogenated derivatives—serve as valuable intermediates for further functional transformations.
Otamurodova Sevinch Sodiq kizi,Ergashev Laziz Bekmurodovich
DEVELOPMENT OF A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CULTURE AMONG STUDENTS: ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS
In the context of rapid technological development, changes in the lifestyle of young people, and increasing cognitive нагрузки in the educational environment, the formation of a culture of physical activity is becoming particularly significant. The main focus is on the insufficient involvement of students in physical activity, despite the availability of various physical education programs in higher education institutions. Modern students often lead a sedentary lifestyle, which results in deteriorating health indicators, reduced performance, and lower overall vitality. The culture of physical activity is understood as a combination of knowledge, values, attitudes, and skills aimed at the conscious inclusion of physical activity in everyday life. It is formed under the influence of various factors such as family upbringing, educational environment, social guidelines, and personal motivation. Despite the presence of diverse physical education programs in universities, the level of student involvement in active forms of leisure remains low. This highlights the need to reconsider approaches to promoting physical culture among young people, taking into account modern challenges such as digitalization, stress overload, and a lack of personal responsibility for health. The article examines the relevance of forming a culture of physical activity among students in the conditions of rapid technological progress and lifestyle transformation. Particular attention is paid to the main barriers preventing active participation in physical education and health-related activities, such as digitalization, increased psycho-emotional нагрузки, and a low level of conscious responsibility for one’s own health. The study also analyzes students’ attitudes from different faculties toward physical culture, their actual level of physical activity, and the impact of regular exercise on health indicators, social adaptation, and academic performance. The culture of physical activity is interpreted as a set of knowledge, values, attitudes, and practical skills that contribute to the formation of sustainable motivation for regular physical activity. The research employed methods such as surveys, observation, experimentation, and comparative analysis, which made it possible to comprehensively assess the level of students’ physical activity and identify factors influencing their involvement. Special attention is given to three key areas of physical culture: health-oriented, sports-oriented, and rehabilitation-oriented. Based on the obtained data, the study concludes that there is a need to modernize educational programs, develop accessible sports infrastructure, and introduce effective motivational mechanisms to promote an active lifestyle among the student population.
INTEGRATION OF MORPHOMETRIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL METHODS IN THE COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT FUNCTION
Objective: To evaluate the informativeness of morphometric, ultrasound, and morphological methods for diagnosing the functional status of kidney grafts in the early postoperative period. The study included 72 recipients divided into two groups according to sensitization level (MFK-1, n = 41; MFK-2, n = 31). Serial ultrasound measurements of renal size, parenchymal thickness, and resistive index (RI) were performed, together with morphometric analysis of biopsy specimens according to Banff (2017) and assessment of correlations between functional, hemodynamic, and histological parameters. A significant correlation was found between elevated RI and the severity of interstitial-tubular changes (r = 0.68; p = 0.01). The combination of instrumental and morphological methods increases the diagnostic accuracy of early graft function assessment.
THE CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN ANDIZHAN REGION DURING THE FIRST PERIOD OF SECOND WORLD WAR
This article analyzes the changes in agricultural production in the Andizhan region in the early years of World War II from a historical perspective. It also presents thoughts and comments on the contribution of the Andizhan region to the Second World War, the unity and courage of the people.
COGNITIVE PRAGMATIC FRAMING IN POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC DISCOURSE
This article examines the role of cognitive-pragmatic framing in political and diplomatic discourse, focusing on how language structures influence perception, interpretation, and strategic communication. Drawing on established theories from cognitive linguistics and pragmatics, including framing theory, speech act theory, and conceptual metaphor theory, the study analyzes how political actors construct meaning, legitimize actions, and shape public opinion. The research highlights the interaction between cognition and discourse strategies in diplomatic negotiations and political rhetoric. The findings demonstrate that framing mechanisms are not merely linguistic tools but cognitive structures that guide interpretation and decision-making processes in political contexts.
“COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TREATMENT ADHERENCE IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ITS IMPROVEMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ANDIJAN REGION)”
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most important chronic non-communicable diseases and remains a serious medical and social problem due to its high prevalence, long-term complications, and the need for lifelong treatment. One of the main conditions for effective diabetes management is treatment adherence, which includes regular medication intake, compliance with dietary recommendations, physical activity, self-monitoring, and timely follow-up visits. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess treatment adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus across different territorial units of Andijan region and to develop proposals for its improvement. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among adult patients with confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving follow-up care in healthcare institutions of Andijan region. Data were collected using patient interviews, structured questionnaires, and medical record review. Adherence levels were evaluated according to medication-taking behavior, lifestyle compliance, and regularity of medical follow-up. Comparative and statistical analyses were performed to determine regional differences and factors associated with poor adherence. The study showed significant territorial differences in treatment adherence. Higher adherence was observed among patients living in urban areas, while lower adherence was more common in rural and remote districts. Poor adherence was associated with low educational level, insufficient family support, longer disease duration, presence of complications, irregular medical supervision, and limited access to healthcare services. In contrast, regular counseling, better healthcare accessibility, and stronger family support had a positive effect on adherence. The findings indicate that treatment adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is influenced by a combination of medical, social, and organizational factors. Comparative regional assessment makes it possible to identify local barriers to effective diabetes management and to develop targeted measures aimed at improving adherence. Strengthening diabetes education, expanding access to healthcare in rural areas, and improving continuity of follow-up may contribute to better clinical outcomes and reduction of diabetes-related complications in Andijan region.
Yusupova Shahnoza Qodirjonovna,Juliyeva Yulduz Gayrat kizi
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS AND PARALINGUISTICS: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NON-LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF THE SPEECH PROCESS
This article explores the theoretical foundations of psycholinguistics and paralinguistics, their research objects and subjects, their interrelation, and their role in the speech process.Psycholinguistics studies the processes of speech formation and perception in the human mind, while paralinguistics analyzes non-linguistic means accompanying speech. The article discusses the integration of these two fields with linguistics and psychology, their importance in the communicative process, and modern research directions.
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН АВТОМОБИЛСОЗЛИГИ: ЯНГИ БОСҚИЧГА ЧИҚИШ ВАҚТИ
Ўзбекистон автомобилсозлиги сўнгги йилларда жадал ривожланиб, янги технологик босқичга чиқиш арафасида турибди. Саноатда инновациялар, маҳаллийлаштириш даражасининг ошиши ва экспорт салоҳиятининг кенгайиши асосий устувор йўналишлардан ҳисобланади. Янги босқич эса рақобатбардош маҳсулот ишлаб чиқариш ва халқаро бозорларга фаол чиқишни талаб қилади.
IMPACT OF CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES ENHANCING READING LITERACY AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This article analyzes the effectiveness of modern pedagogical methods in developing reading literacy in primary school students. The use of interactive approaches, innovative technologies, and learner-centered strategies in the educational process is examined in terms of their impact on improving students’ reading skills, comprehension levels, and independent thinking abilities. The findings of the study indicate that the effective application of modern methods plays a significant role in enhancing reading literacy.
CURRENT ISSUES IN IMPROVING THE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article analyzes the current issues of improving the assessment system in primary education.It highlights the shortcomings of traditional assessment methods and their impact on the quality of education. In addition, the importance of modern approaches, including formative and summative assessment, is discussed.The necessity of using clear criteria and taking into account students’ individual characteristics in the assessment process is substantiated.The results of the study contribute to the effective organization and improvement of the assessment system.
SKILLS FOR ORGANIZING INTEGRATED LESSONS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
This article provides a scientific analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of organizing integrated lessons in the primary education process, their essence and content, as well as their role in developing students' knowledge, skills, and competencies.
LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT OF A PRIMARY STUDENT
This article analyzes the developmental patterns of primary school students from a scientific perspective. It examines the cognitive, emotional, and social factors influencing students’ development, as well as the effectiveness of modern pedagogical methods. Practical recommendations for improving the educational process are also provided.
CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DETECTING BRIBERY CRIMES
This article examines the criminological aspects of detecting bribery crimes in the Republic of Uzbekistan based on factual data and scientific sources. The study analyzes the legal framework, statistical indicators, causes, and mechanisms of bribery, as well as the effectiveness of law enforcement practices. Particular attention is paid to modern methods of detection, institutional reforms, and international standards in combating corruption. The article concludes with recommendations aimed at improving the detection and prevention of bribery crimes.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CENTRAL ASIAN SCHOLARS TO ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
The article discusses the contribution of Central Asian scholars to Islamic civilization.
MODERN OPPORTUNITIES FOR USING DRONS IN INTERNAL AFFAIRS BODIES
This article provides a detailed overview of the modern possibilities of using drones (unmanned aerial vehicles) in internal affairs bodies, their types, functional characteristics, and areas of practical application. The role of drones in ensuring public safety, combating crime, and responding promptly to emergencies has also been scientifically analyzed. The article examines the benefits of using drones, as well as their problems with legality, privacy, and technology. Furthermore, conclusions are presented regarding the prospects for developing drone technologies, their integration with artificial intelligence, and their future significance in the activities of internal affairs bodies.
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has significantly transformed the teaching and learning of foreign languages. This article explores the application of AI technologies in language instruction, focusing on their effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. Using a qualitative and analytical approach, the study examines current AI tools and their impact on learners’ engagement, personalization, and language proficiency. The findings indicate that AI enhances language acquisition through adaptive learning, real-time feedback, and increased accessibility, although certain limitations such as technological dependence and ethical concerns remain.
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT OF HIGH SALT AND SUGAR CONSUMPTION AND ITS PREVENTION FROM A HYGIENIC PERSPECTIVE
Excessive consumption of salt and sugar has become a significant public health concern worldwide, contributing to the growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Modern dietary patterns, characterized by high intake of processed foods and low nutritional awareness, have intensified this problem. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of excessive salt and sugar consumption on human health and to substantiate hygienic foundations for effective preventive measures. The research is based on a comprehensive review and analysis of scientific literature, international guidelines, and public health data, with particular emphasis on hygienic assessment and risk factor identification. The findings indicate that excessive intake of sodium and free sugars is strongly associated with metabolic disturbances, increased blood pressure, insulin resistance, and overall deterioration of health status. Furthermore, the study highlights that inadequate dietary habits and lack of awareness significantly contribute to these adverse outcomes. Preventive strategies, including dietary regulation, public health education, reduction of processed food consumption, and adherence to recommended intake levels, are essential in mitigating these risks. In conclusion, limiting salt and sugar intake, along with implementing hygienic and preventive measures, plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of chronic diseases and improving population health.
THE LIAR'S DIVIDEND IN THE COURTROOM: WHY FEDERAL RULE OF EVIDENCE 901 MUST ABANDON THE 'REASONABLE JUROR' STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MEDIA
This article critiques the current evidentiary standards for digital media in United States criminal trials, arguing that the rise of high-fidelity "Deepfakes" has rendered Federal Rule of Evidence 901(a) obsolete. By analyzing the "Liar’s Dividend"—the phenomenon where guilty defendants successfully claim real evidence is fake—it demonstrates that the current "low bar" for authentication paradoxically aids the defense while endangering the prosecution. The article reviews the Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules’ 2025 decision to delay adopting a specific "Deepfake Rule" and argues this inaction was a fundamental error. It proposes a new "Verified Capture Standard" (VCS) that leverages the 2025 C2PA cryptographic protocols to establish a presumption of authenticity, effectively modernizing the "Chain of Custody" for the algorithmic age.
DESIGNING AN AUTOMATED BOT ARCHITECTURE FOR SCANNING PHISHING MESSAGES ON THE TELEGRAM PLATFORM
This scientific article discusses the design of an automated bot architecture for scanning phishing links on the Telegram messenger platform. The research presents the bot's operating algorithm in a Sequence Diagram format, analyzes integration methods with VirusTotal API and Google Safe Browsing API technologies, and demonstrates asynchronous programming approaches based on Python's aiogram and telebot libraries. Database interaction mechanisms and the overall architecture of the bot are also described in detail.
LINGUISTIC AND NARRATIVE ARCHITECTURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THRILL: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THOMAS HARRIS'S “THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS”
This article undertakes a semiotic analysis of Thomas Harris's The Silence of the Lambs, investigating the intricate linguistic and narrative architectures employed to construct and sustain psychological thrill. We contend that Harris meticulously crafts emotional tension, dread, and suspense not merely through plot events but through a sophisticated deployment of symbolic language, focalization strategies, and thematic interconnections that directly manipulate the reader's cognitive and affective states. Drawing upon theories from cognitive poetics, psychoanalytic literary criticism, and narrative semiotics, this study explores how specific linguistic choices (e.g., disturbing lexical items, fragmented syntax) and narrative techniques (e.g., shifting perspectives, unreliable narration, detailed sensory descriptions) function as symbolic encodings of fear, paranoia, and psychological vulnerability. Through detailed textual analysis of key excerpts, we delineate the mechanisms by which Harris compels reader identification, projects internal states of dread onto the narrative landscape, and cultivates a pervasive sense of unease. The insights presented illuminate the deliberate and systematic nature of psychological thrill in literary discourse, offering a refined understanding for literary scholars, genre writers, and those interested in the cognitive and aesthetic dimensions of suspense.
PROPERTIES OF ANTIFRICTIONAL AND IS ANTIFRICTION-WEAR PROOF COMPOSITE POLYPROPYLENE AND POLYETHYLENE MATERIALS
Are designed aitifriktsionno - wearproof polypropylene and polyethylene compositions of functional purpose for working bodies of the cotton cars and mechanisms providing functionally important physicomechanical, triboktekhnichesky and operational properties of the composite polymeric materials working in the conditions of interaction with cotton raw. They quite meet the functional requirements imposed to materials of details of the rubbing couples of working bodies of the cotton cars and mechanisms used on procuring points and the cotton-processing plants. To use developed composite polymeric materials as materials for details of the rubbing couples of working bodies of cotton cars and mechanisms, in the conditions of frictional a between effect of with cotton - a raw leads to increase of productivity of cars for of 12-16% and a lower of power consumption for of 7-18%, damages of cotton fibers and broken up of seeds, and also eliminations of possible fire of a cotton-raw and education having reeled up fibers on surfaces of composite details.
TIME AND SPACE IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK SOCIOPRAGMATICS: CHALLENGES OF INTERPRETING AND TRANSLATING IN MULTILINGUAL, MULTICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTS
This paper investigates the sociopragmatic dimensions of time and space in English and Uzbek, focusing on their implications for interpreting and translation in multilingual and multicultural environments. The study aims to explore how cultural perceptions of time and space shape communication and to identify strategies that ensure both accuracy and cultural sensitivity in translation practices. The research adopts a comparative sociopragmatic approach, drawing on intercultural communication theories and professional contexts such as business, diplomacy, healthcare, and education. The findings reveal that English conceptualizes time as linear, structured, and efficiency-oriented, while Uzbek views time as flexible and relationship-centered. Similarly, English spatial norms emphasize individualism and personal boundaries, whereas Uzbek spatial perception reflects collectivism, hospitality, and closeness. These differences often lead to misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication, especially when literal translation is applied without sociocultural awareness. The study also highlights the added complexity of multilingual contexts involving English, Uzbek, and Russian. The paper concludes that effective interpreting and translation require not only linguistic competence but also deep cultural understanding. It emphasizes the role of sociopragmatics in bridging cultural gaps and calls for further interdisciplinary research in this field.
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVERTISING ACTIVITIES IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the process of development of advertising activities in Uzbekistan and current trends in this field. The article highlights the economic and social significance of advertising, its role in the market economy, and its impact on society. In addition, the historical stages of the development of advertising and its legal foundations are analyzed.
Oserova Maftuna Makhmutovna,Karimova Ziyoda Abduvasitovna
MONITORING OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE DEPENDING ON SOME MEDICAL AND SOCIAL RISK FACTORS
In this article the analysis of the detection as prehypertension and hypertension depending on the major risk factors. Acting on risk factors, we contribute to the prevention of damage to target organs, leading to the development of high blood pressure. It is of great importance in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and their complications.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS AND NON-BIOLOGICAL (INORGANIC) CATALYSTS
This article discusses the essence, structure, properties, and biological significance of enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are high-molecular protein-based biological catalysts that accelerate all biochemical reactions in living organisms. The article analyzes the concepts of enzymes and their historical development, as well as their main functions in living cells. In addition, the role of enzymes in metabolic processes and examples of diseases related to enzyme deficiency or excessive activity are presented. A comparative analysis of biological and inorganic catalysts is provided in a table, highlighting their chemical nature, working conditions, specificity, reaction rate enhancement, and other important aspects. The high specificity, efficiency under mild conditions, and catalytic effectiveness of enzymes emphasize their essential role in biological systems. The article also discusses the prospects of enzyme applications in medicine, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and industry.
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING MASS AS A MEASURABLE QUANTITY
This article discusses the methodological features of teaching mass as a measurable quantity in primary school. It highlights the goals, objectives, and methods of forming students’ understanding of mass and developing measurement skills.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY ON THE FORMATION OF EARLY RELIGIOUS IDEAS: CONCEPTUAL BORROWINGS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms, channels, and results of the influence of ancient philosophy (6th century BC – 6th century AD) on the formation of religious ideas in the late Hellenistic and early Byzantine periods. In contrast to the traditional approach, which views philosophy and religion as antagonistic spheres, the author substantiates the thesis on the structural dependence of early religious dogmatics on philosophical conceptual systems. Three chronological stages are distinguished: (1) the pre-philosophical mythological stage (Homeric epic, Orphism); (2) classical philosophical criticism of traditional religion (Plato, Aristotle, Epicureans); (3) the syncretic stage of Hellenism and late antiquity, during which there is an active borrowing of philosophical categories by early religious movements (Hellenistic Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, Hermeticism). Based on the analysis of the texts of Philo of Alexandria, Plotinus, Origen, Augustine and Proclus, it is shown that the key transferred concepts were: Plato's theory of eidos, Aristotle's entelechy, Stoic logos, Neoplatonic emanation and theurgy. It is concluded that ancient philosophy ensured the transition from mythological to theological thinking, creating a conceptual apparatus, without which the emergence of developed religious doctrines would have been impossible.
Masharipova Guliston Omontorduievna, Pulatov Abdulloh, Abdulazizova Mamura, Shaxobuddinov Muhammadsaid, Zaripova Azizaxon
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS AND HEALTH RISKS AMONG WORKERS OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT IN FERGANA
Occupational hygiene is one of the branches of medicine that studies working conditions and their specific characteristics in industries where work activities impose high demands on workers, involve hazardous and harmful factors, and are accompanied by high neuropsychological stress, which may lead to early morbidity and premature termination of employment. The comprehensive impact of unfavorable industrial factors negatively affects the functional state of the human body, which in turn leads to a decrease in the level of occupational health and reliability of professional activity. Ensuring high efficiency and reliability of occupational performance while preserving workers’ health under such conditions remains a priority task of occupational hygiene.
BEYOND MEANING: PRAGMATIC AND DISCURSIVE ROLES OF LINGUOCULTURAL REALIA IN TRANSLATION
This study examines the pragmatic and discursive roles of linguocultural realia in translation, moving beyond their traditional interpretation as purely referential units. These culturally embedded lexical items not only denote specific concepts but also shape discourse, express social identity, and convey cultural norms. The study aims to analyze how these functions are preserved or transformed in English–Uzbek translation. A qualitative comparative approach is applied, based on selected literary examples. The findings show that while referential meaning is often retained, pragmatic and discursive functions frequently change, leading to shifts in tone, characterization, and perspective. These transformations are influenced by strategies such as adaptation, generalization, and substitution.
A FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF THE VERB “TO BE” AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF VERBS IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
The development of the English language's grammatical system was significantly influenced by the Early Modern English era. During this time, the language's morphological structure became noticeably simpler, with fewer inflectional endings and a greater emphasis on syntactic methods. The standardization of the English language was additionally significantly helped by an upsurge of the literary language, the introduction of printing presses, and the extensive distribution of scientific and religious writings. This study's primary goal is to analyse the grammatical and functional properties of verbs in Early Modern English, with a focus on the use of the verb "to be" and its function in passive formations. Throughout the study, the employment of verb forms is analysed using examples from religious literature, and the morphological and syntactic characteristics of Early Modern English are investigated using a historical-linguistic method. In this sense, the study aims to clarify how the verb system evolved during English's historical evolution and to ascertain how the Early Modern era contributed to the creation of Modern English.
APPLICATION OF PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES TO PRIMARY PREPARATION COURSES
This article contains information on the scientific basis of pedagogical technologies for pre-vocational training, their classification, disclosure of their essence, and the educational process.
THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MASS CULTURE ON AESTHETIC CONSCIOUSNESS: A SOCIO-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the influence of modern mass culture on aesthetic consciousness from a socio-philosophical perspective. It analyzes the role of digital media, social networks, advertising, and visual culture in shaping contemporary perceptions of beauty, taste, and value orientations, especially among young people. The study reveals both the constructive and destructive aspects of mass culture in the formation of aesthetic consciousness. Particular attention is paid to the problems of standardized taste, artificial aesthetic ideals, and consumerist attitudes. The article also substantiates the necessity of developing critical thinking, media literacy, and aesthetic immunity as important conditions for preserving and enriching aesthetic consciousness in the contemporary cultural environment.
THE ROLE OF EPISTOLARY FORM IN REVEALING CHARACTER TRAITS AND THEIR EVOLUTION IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LITERARY PROSE
This article examines the epistolary form as a narrative strategy in English and Uzbek literary prose, focusing on its role in revealing character traits and tracing their psychological and moral evolution. Using a comparative literary approach, the study analyzes how letter-based narration constructs subjectivity, enhances narrative authenticity, and enables multi-voiced discourse. The findings show that English prose emphasizes fragmented psychological identity and individual consciousness, while Uzbek prose integrates epistolary elements within culturally and socially grounded narrative frameworks. The study concludes that epistolary form remains a universal literary mechanism for representing human inner experience and character transformation.
THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLINGUISTICS
This study explores the emergence and development of neuropsycholinguistics as an interdisciplinary field integrating linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience. It examines the relationship between language, cognition, and brain function, as well as the transition from behaviorist to cognitive and neurobiological approaches. The study highlights the role of neurolinguistics in understanding speech processes and demonstrates that the integration of psycholinguistic and neurological perspectives has led to a more comprehensive explanation of language mechanisms.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AS A SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND LEGAL PROBLEM IN UZBEKISTAN
This scientific article analyzes the problem of violence against women using a comprehensive approach. The types of violence, theoretical foundations, social and psychological causes, as well as their consequences are scientifically examined. In addition, the legal framework aimed at eliminating this problem in the Republic of Uzbekistan, international experience, and practical mechanisms are analyzed. The author develops scientifically based proposals aimed at reducing the problem.
SANDWICH TECHNOLOGY IN RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY: CLINICAL RATIONALE, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
This article discusses a combined method of restoring hard tooth tissues, known as the "sandwich technique". The method is based on the combined use of glass ionomer cements and composite resins. The biomechanical properties of the materials used are analyzed, the variants of the technique (open and closed sandwich) are described, and the objective advantages and disadvantages of this approach in comparison with monolayer restorations are presented.
A METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES IN CHILDREN USING THE “AERODENT” DEVICE
Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood and continues to impose a substantial clinical and social burden despite the availability of fluoride, professional prophylaxis, and oral hygiene education. The multifactorial nature of caries, combined with low compliance in young children, makes it necessary to search for adjunctive preventive approaches that are simple, acceptable, and biologically justified. The aim of this article is to present and substantiate a method for improving the prevention of dental caries in children using the “Aerodent” device as part of a comprehensive pediatric oral health program. This paper is based on an analytical review of current recommendations in pediatric caries prevention and published descriptions of the Aerodent device. Available reports describe Aerodent as a tooth-cleaning capsule/device intended to deliver an extract-based solution, including licorice root components, while also assisting the mechanical cleansing of tooth surfaces. The proposed preventive method includes baseline caries-risk assessment, professional examination, individualized hygiene training, supervised home use of Aerodent, fluoride-based prevention according to age and risk, dietary counseling, and follow-up monitoring of plaque control and enamel resistance. The theoretical and practical value of the method lies in combining mechanical cleaning, improved compliance, and local delivery of biologically active plant components with established preventive standards. Aerodent should be considered an adjunct, not a replacement, for fluoride toothpaste, rational nutrition, and regular dental supervision. Further controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm its long-term efficacy and define optimal protocols for different pediatric age groups.
THE USE OF DESENSITIZERS IN CLINICAL DENTISTRY: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS
This article is devoted to the analysis of the role of desensitizers in modern dental practice. The etiological factors of dentin hypersensitivity, the classification of drugs by the mechanism of action, and the clinical efficacy of various groups of desensitizers are considered. Special attention is paid to the algorithm of using these drugs in the treatment of non-carious dental lesions.
RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS: ETIOLOGY, SERUM AUTOANTIBODIES, ANEMIA, HEMATINIC DEFICIENCIES, AND MANAGEMENT
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders of the oral mucosa and is characterized by repeated episodes of painful, shallow ulceration on non-keratinized mucosal surfaces. Although its exact cause remains unresolved, current evidence supports a multifactorial pathogenesis involving genetic susceptibility, T-cell-mediated immune dysregulation, local trauma, psychological stress, systemic disease, and nutritional deficiency. Increasing attention has been directed toward serum autoantibodies and hematologic abnormalities in patients with RAS. Studies have shown elevated frequencies of antigastric parietal cell and antithyroid autoantibodies in subsets of patients, suggesting that autoimmune mechanisms or autoimmune comorbidity may contribute to disease expression in selected cases. In parallel, anemia and hematinic deficiencies, particularly iron, vitamin B12, and folate deficiency, are repeatedly associated with RAS and may impair epithelial integrity, oxygen delivery, and mucosal repair. Management is therefore not limited to symptomatic ulcer control; it also requires identification and correction of predisposing systemic abnormalities. First-line treatment remains topical corticosteroid therapy, while severe or refractory disease may require systemic corticosteroids, immunomodulatory therapy, and specialist referral. This article reviews the current understanding of RAS etiology, the clinical significance of serum autoantibodies, the role of anemia and hematinic deficiency, and contemporary management strategies.
DENTAL VENEERS AND THEIR TYPES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Dental veneers have become an essential component of modern esthetic dentistry. They are widely used to improve the appearance of teeth, correct minor functional issues, and enhance patients’ confidence. This article provides a comprehensive overview of dental veneers, including their definition, indications, types, materials, advantages, disadvantages, and clinical considerations. The paper also discusses recent advancements and includes relevant literature references.
A MODERN VIEW ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTITIS.
Periodontitis remains one of the most common problems in dental practice. Despite the apparent "ordinariness" of this disease, its diagnosis is not always easy, especially in the early stages. In recent years, approaches to the detection of periodontitis have changed significantly: More accurate imaging methods, digital technologies, and new ideas about the role of inflammatory processes have emerged. This article discusses modern methods of diagnosing periodontitis, their advantages and limitations, and highlights the importance of an integrated approach.
SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON OF LONELINESS
This study explores loneliness as a complex and multidimensional psychological phenomenon. Loneliness is interpreted not simply as a lack of social contact, but as a subjective experience arising from dissatisfaction with existing interpersonal relationships. The paper provides a theoretical analysis of the factors contributing to loneliness, its formation mechanisms, and its psychological nature.
INTEGRATION OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND LEARNING ACTIVITY THROUGH COLLABORATIVE APPROACHES IN PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE
This scientific article analyzes the role of collaborative approaches in pedagogical activity in shaping interpersonal relationships and integrating students’ learning activity. In the modern education system, it is becoming increasingly important to organize the learning process not only as knowledge transmission, but also as a process based on cooperation, communication, and social interaction. The article extensively discusses collaborative pedagogy, interactive learning environments, communicative competence, group work mechanisms, and methodological approaches aimed at increasing students’ social activity. It also provides a scientific-theoretical and practical justification of the interrelationship between interpersonal relationships and learning activity. The research results demonstrate that collaborative learning technologies are an important factor in effectively organizing the educational process.
LEARNING DESIGN ACTIVITIES IN SCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
This article systematically outlines the methods used to work with children's speech in preschool educational institutions, as well as the approaches employed to develop their vocabulary.
INCIDENCE, RISK FACTORS, ETIOLOGY, AND ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY OF PNEUMONIA: A GLOBAL AND REGIONAL REVIEW
Background; Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting children under five years and older adults. The burden is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries, especially in South Asia and Central Asia. Objective; This review summarizes global and regional pneumonia epidemiology, key risk factors, bacterial etiology, and current antibiotic treatment approaches, with emphasis on South Asia and Central Asia. Methods; A narrative review was conducted using published global reports and peer-reviewed literature to synthesize evidence on pneumonia burden, causative organisms, and management strategies. Results; Pneumonia accounts for a significant proportion of global infectious deaths, with highest incidence in LMICs. Major risk factors include malnutrition, lack of immunization, indoor air pollution, overcrowding, and chronic comorbidities. Common bacterial pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacilli. In South and Central Asia, disease burden is compounded by delayed healthcare access and rising antimicrobial resistance. Standard treatment includes amoxicillin for children and macrolides or beta-lactams for adults, though resistance is increasingly limiting effectiveness. Conclusion; Pneumonia remains a major preventable global health problem. Strengthening vaccination coverage, addressing modifiable risk factors, and ensuring rational antibiotic use are essential to reduce disease burden, particularly in South Asia and Central Asia.
INNOVATIVE GAME TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING SPEECH CULTURE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
This article examines the pedagogical, psychological, and methodological bases of developing the speech culture of primary school students through didactic games. The research emphasizes ways of enriching learners’ vocabulary, acquiring grammatical structures, enhancing pronunciation skills, and building communicative competence through game-based activities. It also reviews the theoretical perspectives of Vygotsky, Elkonin, Montessori, and Bruner on play-based learning and justifies approaches for adapting these ideas to Uzbek pedagogical practice.
QUALITY OF LIFE AND ISSUES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN OLD AGE
This study explores the concept of quality of life and psychological well-being in old age as complex and multidimensional phenomena influenced by physical, social, economic, and psychological factors. The research is based on contemporary theories of aging and the works of prominent scholars such as Erik Erikson, Paul Baltes, Carol Ryff, and Martin Seligman. Special attention is given to the role of subjective well-being, resilience, social relationships, and health conditions in shaping life satisfaction among older adults. The study also examines major challenges faced in old age, including chronic illness, social isolation, cognitive decline, and economic insecurity. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of active aging, social support systems, and positive psychological interventions in improving the overall well-being of elderly individuals. The findings suggest that despite the difficulties associated with aging, many older adults achieve a high level of life satisfaction through adaptive strategies, emotional regulation, and meaningful engagement in life.
THE ISLAMIC EDUCATION SYSTEM OF BUKHARA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY: A HISTORIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE WORK OF ZHUMANAZAR ABDUSATTOR
This article examines the system of Islamic education in 19th-century Bukhara based on a historiographic analysis of the work of Jumanazar Abdusattor. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of traditional educational institutions—maktabs and madrassas—and their role in shaping the religious and social identity of society. The author's approaches to interpreting the educational process, its content, and organizational features are analyzed. The paper identifies key characteristics of the Bukhara educational system, including the predominance of religious disciplines, the influence of ulema and ishans, and the relationship between education and the sociopolitical structure of the khanate. A critical analysis of Jumanazar Abdusattor's concepts is provided, comparing his conclusions with other studies on the history of Islamic education in Central Asia. The scientific novelty of the article lies in its comprehensive examination of Jumanazar Abdusattor's work within the context of modern historical scholarship, as well as in identifying the features and limitations of his approach. A conclusion is drawn regarding the significant role of the traditional educational system of Bukhara in preserving Islamic values ​​and intellectual traditions in the region.
Functional dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal disorder that is further subclassified into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). This distinction is based on the predominance of symptoms: PDS is characterized by postprandial bloating and early satiety, whereas EPS is defined primarily by epigastric pain or burning. The diagnostic evaluation of functional dyspepsia is guided by patient age and the presence of alarm features. Individuals aged 60 years or older, as well as those presenting with red-flag symptoms such as unexplained anemia, warrant prompt assessment with esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to exclude structural disease. In all patients, Helicobacter pylori infection should be investigated and eradicated if present, given its established role in dyspeptic symptoms. Therapeutic options for functional dyspepsia include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), neuromodulators, and prokinetic agents. However, the supporting evidence for these interventions remains limited, and clinical response rates are modest. As such, management often requires a tailored approach, balancing symptom control with patient expectations and ongoing reassessment.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGY IN UZBEKISTAN (UNTIL 2000)
This scientific article analyzes the role of the tourism sector in the national economy, its contribution to the formation of foreign currency revenues, and development trends based on international experience. In particular, the dynamics of rapid growth in tourism revenues are illustrated through the examples of Austria and Hungary. Furthermore, the tourism potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including its geographical location, historical and cultural heritage, natural and climatic conditions, and infrastructure opportunities, is scientifically substantiated. The article examines the strategic directions, priority tasks, and phased reforms for tourism development in the 1990s, highlighting the sector’s contribution to economic growth, employment, and international integration.
DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC REFORMS DURING THE SHAYBANID PERIOD
This article examines the development of public administration and socio-economic reforms during the Shaybanid period in Central Asia. The Shaybanid dynasty played a significant role in strengthening the political, economic, and cultural foundations of the state during the 16th century. Special attention is given to administrative governance, tax reforms, land ownership systems, trade development, agricultural improvements, and the role of Islamic institutions in public administration. The study highlights how the Shaybanids contributed to the stabilization of the region after the Timurid decline and laid the groundwork for future state structures. Historical-comparative and analytical methods were used in the research.
EMOTIONAL STATES OF PRISONERS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THEM
This scientific text analyzes the emotional states of prisoners, psychological changes occurring in penitentiary environments, and internal and external factors influencing them. It also describes emotional stability, adaptation processes, and psychological mechanisms of stress factors in prison conditions.
APPLICATION OF PLASMA THERAPY IN PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Conventional treatment approaches often fail to achieve complete regeneration of periodontal structures. This study evaluates the effectiveness of plasma therapy, specifically platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), as an adjunct to standard periodontal treatment. Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months post-treatment. The results demonstrated significantly improved outcomes in the PRF-treated group, including greater probing depth reduction, clinical attachment gain, and enhanced healing. These findings suggest that PRF is a promising and effective regenerative tool in periodontal therapy.
ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES IN BIOPHARMACEUTICS: BRIDGING DRUG FORMULATION AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY
Biopharmaceutics is a critical discipline within pharmaceutical sciences that examines the relationship between the physicochemical properties of drug substances, dosage forms, and their biological performance. This field integrates principles of pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and drug delivery to optimize therapeutic outcomes. The present article explores the fundamental concepts of biopharmaceutics, including drug absorption, bioavailability, and the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). It also highlights recent advancements, such as nanotechnology-based delivery systems and personalized medicine approaches, while addressing current challenges in drug development and regulatory evaluation.
RECENT ADVANCES IN PUBLIC HEALTHCARE AND HYGIENE: GLOBAL TRENDS WITH A PERSPECTIVE FROM UZBEKISTAN
Public healthcare and hygiene are fundamental pillars of disease prevention and health promotion. In recent years, global health systems have undergone major transformation driven by technological innovation, policy reforms, and increased attention to sanitation and hygiene.
HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED (NOSOCOMIAL) INFECTIONS: GLOBAL, SOUTH ASIAN, AND CENTRAL ASIAN PERSPECTIVES
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are infections acquired during hospital stay that were not present at admission. They are a major cause of morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries, particularly South Asia and Central Asia.
ROLE OF ILEUM IN UROLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Urological reconstructive surgery often necessitates the replacement or augmentation of urinary tract components following malignancy, trauma, congenital anomalies, or chronic inflammatory conditions. Among the various intestinal segments available, the ileum has emerged as the most versatile and widely utilized option due to its favorable anatomical and physiological properties.
THE EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS, AND RITUALS IN FOLK PEDAGOGY
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of customs, traditions, and rituals in folk pedagogy, as well as their educational significance. Customs and traditions, which are an integral part of the system of national values, serve as an important tool in the spiritual and moral development of the younger generation. The article highlights the essence of folk pedagogy, its historical roots, social functions, and its role in the modern educational process. It also scientifically explains the mechanisms through which rituals contribute to the formation of qualities such as social responsibility, respect, solidarity, and patriotism in individuals. Furthermore, the relevance of preserving national values and instilling them in the consciousness of youth in the context of globalization is particularly emphasized.
UNDERSTANDING RABIES: HOW A BITE LEADS TO BRAIN INFECTION
Objective: To describe the main aspects of rabies virus infection, including its spread, effects on the body, methods of diagnosis, and prevention strategies. Study Design: This paper is a review of existing scientific reports and global health guidelines on rabies. Results: The rabies virus enters humans most often through the bite of an infected dog [1]. Dogs are responsible for over 99% of human rabies cases worldwide [2]. After the bite, the virus grows in nearby muscle tissue and then moves along nerve pathways to the brain and spinal cord [3]. Once inside the brain, it triggers severe swelling, which eventually leads to death due to breathing failure [4]. Early warning signs include fever and headache, followed by confusion, terror of water, excess saliva, fits, and loss of muscle control [5]. No effective treatment exists once these signs appear [6]. However, thorough wound cleaning with soap and water for 15 minutes, followed by rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin, can stop the disease nearly 100% of the time if given before symptoms start [7]. Conclusion: Rabies is almost always deadly after symptoms show up, but it is entirely avoidable. Widespread dog vaccination, public awareness, and rapid post-bite care are the cornerstones of rabies elimination [1].
INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPING A SENSE OF RESPONSIBILITY IN STUDENTS DURING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of innovative lesson models that serve to enhance students’ activity and effectively establish interpersonal relationships in the educational process. In the modern education system, interactive approaches, cooperative pedagogy, methods aimed at developing communicative competence, and the integration of digital technologies are becoming increasingly important. The article extensively discusses the psychological and pedagogical factors of developing learner activity, the impact of interpersonal relationships on educational effectiveness, and the mechanisms for applying innovative models. It also scientifically substantiates issues such as creating a collaborative environment between teachers and students, developing teamwork skills, and forming communicative competence.
Xudarganova Malika Zokirovna, Olimov Temur Xasanovich
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING THE COGNITIVE COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS
This study explores the didactic potential of digital technologies in fostering the cognitive competencies of prospective English language teachers. In the context of rapid digitalization and the transformation of educational paradigms, the need to enhance cognitive skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, information processing, and reflective learning has become increasingly significant. The research focuses on identifying effective pedagogical strategies and digital tools that support the development of these competencies within teacher education programs. A combination of theoretical analysis and practical observation is employed to examine how digital platforms, multimedia resources, and interactive applications contribute to more student-centered and cognitively engaging learning environments. The findings indicate that the integration of digital technologies not only improves learners’ cognitive engagement but also promotes autonomy, creativity, and adaptive thinking. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of methodological refinement in aligning digital tools with instructional objectives to achieve sustainable learning outcomes. The results can be used to enhance curriculum design and teaching practices in higher education institutions preparing future English language teachers.
COMPETITION AND ITS ROLE IN A MARKET ECONOMY. TYPES AND MODELS OF COMPETITION
This article examines the economic essence of competition and its role in a market economy through a comprehensive analytical approach. It highlights the regulatory function of competition within the economic system, its importance in ensuring the efficient allocation of resources, and its role in balancing the interests of producers and consumers. The study also explores the main types of competition, including perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly, providing a detailed explanation of their distinctive features. The findings demonstrate that competition is a fundamental driver of market efficiency, innovation, and sustainable economic development.
Nasimov Ozodbek Jurabek ugli,Ismailov Feruz Farhodovich,Iskandarov Begzod Abdujalilovich
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF WORDS DENOTING PLACE NAMES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK
The article examines the linguistic and cultural features of terms denoting place names in English and Uzbek. It explores the lexical and semantic characteristics of toponyms, their connection to cultural context, as well as interlingual differences and similarities. The research findings indicate that the lexical units representing place names in each language are closely linked to culturally specific perspectives, historical contexts, and geographical experiences. The article emphasizes the importance of studying toponyms in the fields of linguistics and cultural studies, and it also presents methodological considerations related to the translation and interpretation of place names.
TYPES OF ECONOMIC GROWTH. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN.
This article explores the theoretical foundations of transitioning from traditional economic growth models to a 'green' and digital economy. It analyzes the drivers of Uzbekistan's economic growth beyond 2026, specifically focusing on the integration of human capital with technology transfer and the optimization of regional economic potential. Furthermore, the article puts forward new scientific recommendations for ensuring export-oriented intensive growth.
Rakhmatov Ozodbek Begali ugli ,Musaqulov Umidjon Mustafa ugli ,Uktamov Javohir Oybek ugli ,Iskandarov Bekzod Abdujalilovich
THE ROLE OF THE ASIAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ECONOMY OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the role and significance of the Asian Development Bank in the development of Uzbekistan’s economy. It also highlights the investment projects implemented by the bank, its role in supporting economic reforms, and the financial assistance provided to infrastructure, energy, and social sectors. The article also examines the importance of cooperation with the bank in ensuring economic stability and long-term development of the country.
Djabborov Sardor Abduvali ugli,Qurbanova Shabbona Sadri kizi ,Hasanova Feruza Gayrat kizi ,Iskandarov Bekzod Abdujalilovich
REFORMS IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF NEW UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
This article analyzes the content, legal foundations, institutional transformations, and practical effectiveness of the reforms being implemented in the healthcare system under the conditions of New Uzbekistan. It discusses the healthcare development concept for 2019–2025, additional measures introduced in 2024, the strengthening of primary healthcare, the expansion of high-tech medical services in the regions, the introduction of state health insurance mechanisms, the launch of digital platforms such as “Electronic Polyclinic” and “Electronic Hospital,” the protection of maternal and child health, the improvement of access to medicines, the training of medical personnel, and the centralization of laboratory and procurement systems.
COVID-19 AND THROMBOSIS: HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
COVID-19 is now understood not only as a respiratory infection but also as a systemic vascular and thromboinflammatory disease. Since the early phases of the pandemic, clinical and pathological studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection can disturb hemostatic balance, activate coagulation pathways, injure the endothelium, alter platelet function, impair fibrinolysis, and trigger both venous and arterial thrombosis.
MODERN OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES IN BASKETBALL
Modern basketball has undergone significant tactical evolution due to advancements in analytics, player versatility, and game tempo. This study explores contemporary offensive and defensive strategies, emphasizing their structural principles, effectiveness, and adaptation in elite competitions such as the NBA. The research highlights the integration of spacing, ball movement, switching defenses, and data-driven decision-making as key determinants of team success. The findings suggest that strategic flexibility and the use of advanced metrics have fundamentally reshaped how basketball is played and analyzed.
ТЕОРИЯ ОДНОРАЗОВОЙ СОМЫ (DISPOSABLE SOMA THEORY): ЭВОЛЮЦИОННЫЙ КОМПРОМИСС МЕЖДУ РЕПРОДУКЦИЕЙ И СОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕПАРАЦИЕЙ
Теория одноразовой сомы (Disposable Soma Theory, DST), предложенная Т. Кирквудом в 1977 году, остается одной из наиболее влиятельных эволюционных моделей старения. В основе теории лежит постулат о том, что организм вынужден распределять ограниченные метаболические и энергетические ресурсы между двумя антагонистическими процессами: поддержанием репродуктивной функции и ремонтом соматических клеток. Согласно DST, естественный отбор оптимизирует распределение ресурсов в пользу раннего размножения, так как соматическое «тело» (сома) рассматривается как временная вспомогательная структура, необходимая для передачи генетического материала следующему поколению. В результате постмитотические ткани и стволовые компартменты накапливают повреждения ДНК, белков и липидов, что приводит к возрастному снижению функций — фенотипу старения. В настоящем обзоре анализируются молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе DST, обсуждаются экспериментальные данные (калорийная рестрикция, мутации в сигнальных путях инсулина/IGF-1, роль герминативной линии), а также рассматриваются современные критические замечания и расширения теории. Показано, что DST успешно предсказывает существование антагонистической плейотропии и корреляцию между репродуктивным усилием и продолжительностью жизни у таксономически отдаленных групп.
Абдувалиев Анвар Арсланбекович, Гиесова Махбуба Бахтиер қизи, Закирова Ирода Мирджамолиддиновна , Очилдиева Азиза Олимжон қизи, Рафикова Района Жасурбековна
PEDAGOGICAL BASIS OF CREATING INNOVATION IN YOUTH EDUCATION
This article discusses the pedagogical foundations of introducing innovative approaches in youth education, the role and importance of modern educational technologies. It also analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the process of creating innovations in the education system.
THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE IN HUMAN COMMUNICATION
Language is a fundamental tool of human communication, playing a central role in shaping thought, culture, and social interaction. This article explores the nature of language as a complex and dynamic system and examines its primary communicative functions. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from linguistics, pragmatics, and functional approaches, the study analyzes how language operates not only as a medium of information exchange but also as a means of expressing identity, managing social relationships, and structuring human cognition. Special attention is given to the multifunctionality of language in real-life communication and the role of context in meaning construction. The findings highlight that language is not merely a static system of rules but a flexible and adaptive instrument that reflects both individual intentions and societal norms.
TAXONOMY OF GLOBALIZATION-INDUCED NEOLOGISMS IN UZBEK (DICTIONARY VS. USAGE)
The relentless integration of the global digital economy has catalyzed an unprecedented influx of globalization-induced neologisms into the Uzbek language. This research provides a comprehensive taxonomic analysis of these emerging lexical units, focusing on the critical discrepancy between real-world usage and formal lexicographical documentation. While contemporary speakers rapidly adopt English-based terms through social media and technological platforms, national dictionaries often operate on traditionalist cycles, resulting in a significant "lexicographical lag." Using a mixed-methods approach, the study categorizes neologisms into specific taxonomic groups: direct borrowings, hybrid formations, and semantic shifts. A comparative analysis was conducted between digital corpora (social media and news portals) and the most recent editions of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Uzbek Language." The findings reveal that over 70% of high-frequency globalized terms used in professional and digital contexts remain unrecorded in official academic sources. Furthermore, the study identifies unique morphological adaptation mechanisms, such as the emergence of verb-hybrid forms like layk bosmoq.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEART RATE OF ATHLETES IN FREESTYLE WRESTLING AFTER PHYSICAL LOADS
The features of the formation of cardiac pump function indicators in young freestyle wrestlers combined with systematic muscle training in the initial preparatory period were studied. In the process of the initial preparatory stage of muscle training i n young freestyle wrestlers, significant changes in heart rate occur.
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM FOR COMPILATION AND SUBMISSION OF FINANCIAL REPORTS IN ELECTRONIC FORM
This article analyzes the issues of improving the system for compiling and submitting financial reports in electronic form. It is argued that in the digital economy, ensuring the speed, accuracy and transparency of financial information is of great importance. The advantages of electronic reporting systems, including saving time and costs, reducing the human factor, and real-time monitoring capabilities, are highlighted. The problems in the development of this system, in particular, shortcomings related to technical infrastructure, cybersecurity, and personnel qualifications, are also analyzed. The article also proposes directions for further improving electronic financial reporting systems based on international experience.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES IN STUDENTS DURING THE STAGES OF ADAPTATION TO HIGHER EDUCATION
This article examines psychological differences in students during the stages of adaptation to higher education. The study is based on theoretical analysis within the fields of Pedagogy and Psychology, focusing on key concepts such as Adaptation, Stress, and Motivation. The research identifies the main stages of adaptation and analyzes the psychological characteristics observed at each stage. It highlights that students experience different emotional states, including anxiety, uncertainty, and increasing psychological stability over time. The study also emphasizes the role of individual psychological traits, social support, and educational environment in shaping the adaptation process. Furthermore, the article discusses major stress factors affecting students and examines how motivation changes throughout the adaptation period. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations are proposed to improve students’ adaptation, including strengthening psychological support, enhancing motivation, and creating a supportive learning environment. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of student adaptation in higher education and provide useful insights for improving educational effectiveness and student well-being.
Turdaliyeva Feruzabonu Asadullo qizi,Sh. I. Toyirova
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
This article provides a comprehensive examination of the structural classification of phraseological units within modern linguistic theory. Phraseological units, understood as stable word combinations characterised by fully or partially transferred meanings, represent a crucial component of any language's lexical system. While semantic and functional approaches to phraseology have received considerable scholarly attention, the structural organisation of these units remains a fundamental yet often underexplored criterion for their systematic description. Drawing upon the foundational works of Vinogradov, Arnold, Kunin, Smirnitsky, Amosova, and other prominent linguists, the present study distinguishes three principal structural types: nominal, verbal, and interjectional phraseological units. Each type is analysed in terms of its syntactic core, morphological patterning, and typical grammatical behaviour, with illustrative examples drawn primarily from English and supplemented by cross-linguistic observations from Russian, German, and Uzbek. The findings demonstrate that a structural typology is indispensable for understanding phraseological semantics, predicting usage patterns, and developing effective translation strategies. The article concludes by discussing the pedagogical, lexicographic, and computational implications of the structural approach.
DESIGNING SEL-INTEGRATED METHODOLOGY FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER TRAINING IN UZBEKISTAN
This paper presents key design principles and structural features of a Social-Emotional Learning (SEL)-integrated methodological framework for English language teacher professional training in Uzbekistan. Drawing on international models of SEL-based teacher development and contextual analysis of the Uzbek EFL education system, the paper identifies critical design considerations for culturally responsive and institutionally sustainable SEL methodology.
COMPARATIVE MODELLING OF TRANSPORT AND CRITICAL DEPENDENCIES IN YBCO AND BSCCO-2212
This article presents an improved and fully structured comparative study of two major cuprate high-temperature superconductors, YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (BSCCO-2212), with emphasis on a reproducible Origin-based workflow for analysing transport data, the superconducting transition, and the upper critical field. The scientific purpose is twofold: first, to explain why YBCO and BSCCO-2212 behave differently because of their distinct anisotropy, oxygen sensitivity, and interlayer coupling; second, to demonstrate how these differences can be quantified through normalized resistivity curves, derivative analysis, 10-90% resistive criteria, sigmoidal fitting of the transition region, and phenomenological reconstruction of Hc2(T). Each graph, table, and equation is interpreted in physical terms rather than being presented as a purely software-generated output. The article uses representative datasets to illustrate a publication-style methodological protocol that can be directly transferred to experimental measurements. The reconstructed results consistently show a narrower transition and larger extrapolated Hc2(0) for YBCO, whereas BSCCO-2212 exhibits broader resistive transition features compatible with stronger anisotropy and greater sensitivity to structural and oxygen inhomogeneity. The manuscript is designed as an English-language, journal-style text that preserves the original scientific meaning of the source material while improving academic rigor, terminology, structure, and interpretability.
Djuraev Davron Raxmonovich,Radjabova Munavvar Sodiqovna
ANALYSIS OF THERMALLY ASSISTED MACHINING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DIFFICULT-TO-CUT MATERIALS (A REVIEW)
This paper presents a comprehensive review of thermally assisted machining (TAM) methods for difficult-to-machine materials, including titanium alloys, high-strength steels, and superalloys. The study analyzes the fundamental principles of TAM, which involve localized heating of the workpiece to reduce its strength and improve machinability. The main focus is on laser-assisted, induction-assisted, and hybrid machining methods. It is shown that the application of thermal energy significantly reduces cutting forces, tool wear, and surface roughness, while improving process stability and machining efficiency. Special attention is given to the influence of temperature on material behavior and surface quality. A comparative analysis of different TAM techniques is carried out based on recent experimental and numerical studies. The results indicate that laser-assisted machining provides high precision and localized heating, induction heating ensures uniform temperature distribution, and hybrid methods offer improved performance due to combined effects. It is concluded that the effectiveness of TAM strongly depends on the optimal selection of process parameters, particularly temperature. Excessive heating may negatively affect material properties, while controlled thermal input leads to significant improvements in machining performance. The findings of this review highlight the significant potential of (TAM) technologies and their broad applicability in advanced industrial manufacturing processes, particularly in the machining of difficult-to-machine materials.
RNA VIRUSES – VIRUSES CAUSING RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN HUMANS: ORTHOMYXOVIRUSES, PARAMYXOVIRUSES, AND CORONAVIRUSES. THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. METHODS OF INDICATION AND IDENTIFICATION. THEIR ROLE IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY.
The article describes the biological characteristics of RNA-containing respiratory viruses that play an important role in the human body, including orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and adenoviruses, as well as methods of their laboratory indication and identification. Influenza, parainfluenza, measles, mumps, and coronavirus infection are analyzed in detail.Modern laboratory diagnostic methods, serological tests, and immunofluorescence techniques are of great importance for the early detection of respiratory viral infections, differential diagnosis, and the development of effective preventive measures.
Shamuratov Abror Shonazarovich, Jumanazarova Sabrina Sunnat kizi
EXPERIMENTAL CULTIVATION OF DAPHNIA MAGNA IN A SMALL-VOLUME STATIONARY WATER ENVIRONMENT USING A CHLORELLA-BASED FEED.
Industrial aquaculture is a rapidly developing sector, and high-quality live feed plays a crucial role in fish cultivation under artificial conditions. In this regard, the zooplankton species Daphnia magna is of particular importance due to its high nutritional value, rapid reproduction, and ecological adaptability. In the conducted study, optimal conditions for the cultivation of daphnia in small-volume (5 L) stagnant water containers were determined: water temperature was maintained at +17 to +21 °C, lighting was provided for 12 hours per day, 30% of the water was renewed every 4 days, and the stocking density was kept at 1000 ind./L. The results demonstrated that feeding with Chlorella was the most effective variant, as it reduced water turbidity while increasing daphnia biomass by 18–28% and overall productivity by 26–38%.
Sattorova Marjona Turg‘unovna,Shodiyeva Sabohat Jahon kizi,Rakhimov Jonibek Rashitovich,Sultonova Zarina Uchqun kizi
CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING NAVOI’S WORKS INTO ENGLISH
Alisher Navoi (1441–1501) is the cornerstone of Uzbek literary heritage, yet rendering his classical Turkic (Chagatai) texts into English poses complex problems. This article examines linguistic, lexical, cultural, and poetic challenges in translating Navoi’s works, including archaic vocabulary, Sufi symbolism, and strict metrical forms. Using a comparative analysis of existing translations, the study identifies key difficulties and illustrates them with examples from Navoi’s ghazals. We discuss translator strategies, such as balancing fidelity and creativity, and propose best practices (e.g. explanatory notes, adaptive meter) to preserve Navoi’s intent. The findings underscore that, as scholars note, maintaining the cultural and linguistic richness of Navoi’s poetry is crucial for meaningful English renditions.
Allaniyozova Khilola Odilbek kizi,Mutallapova Elena Ruslanovna
DEMANDS FOR THE TEACHER IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS AND MANAGEMENT OF CREATIVE MOOD
This article is devoted to the modern requirements for the teacher in the educational process and the issues of effective management of his creative mood. It highlights the professional competencies, pedagogical skills, communicative abilities and personal qualities of the teacher as an important factor. It also justifies the need for the teacher's creativity, application of new approaches and use of innovative methods in improving the quality of education.
DIRECT ACCOUNTING OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON FINANCIAL RESULTS
This article scientifically analyzes the accounting treatment of direct foreign investments and their impact on the financial results of enterprises. The study examines the current methods of accounting for foreign investments, their presentation in financial statements, and issues related to their evaluation based on international standards. It also identifies the impact of investments on indicators such as profitability, liquidity, and financial stability. As a result, proposals and recommendations are developed for the effective management and proper accounting of foreign investments in enterprises.
The topographic anatomy of the joints of the lower limb, especially the hip, knee, and ankle joints, is of key importance for clinical practice in traumatology, orthopedics, and surgery. Precise knowledge of their anatomical and topographical features allows for accurate interpretation of pathological processes, optimization of diagnostic methods, and improvement of the effectiveness of surgical interventions.
Djumayeva Hilola Bahrom kizi,Joʻrabekova Nargiza Panjeyevna,Abduraimov Fazliddin Muhiddinovich
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics is a complex physiological process that includes the production, circulation, and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid, ensuring the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Disturbances in CSF dynamics underlie a number of pathological conditions, such as hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension, and CSF flow obstructions, which determines the relevance of this study. The aim of this research is to systematize modern concepts of the mechanisms of CSF dynamics, as well as to analyze pathophysiological changes in various diseases. The study employs methods of data analysis and synthesis based on the review of fundamental textbooks and scientific publications on normal anatomy, physiology, and pathological anatomy of the central nervous system. The results of the study showed that a key role in maintaining CSF balance is played by the choroid plexuses of the brain ventricles, subarachnoid spaces, and arachnoid granulations. It was found that even minor disturbances in the system of CSF production or outflow lead to significant clinical consequences. Thus, CSF dynamics is a crucial component of central nervous system functioning, and its disturbances require timely diagnosis and pathogenetically justified treatment. The obtained data can be used in clinical practice and in further studies of neurological diseases.
Eshmuhamedova Bernur Polatovna,Normurodova Shahzoda Nozimjon kizi,Abduraimov Fazliddin Muhiddinovich
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN TRADE SERVICES AND ITS IMPACT ON EFFICIENCY
This article examines the process of digital transformation in trade services and its impact on operational efficiency. The study explores the integration of advanced digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and blockchain into trade and service activities. Based on recent statistical data, academic literature, and regulatory frameworks, the research analyzes how digital transformation enhances productivity, reduces operational costs, and improves customer experience.
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING INFLATION AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS
This article analyzes the concept of inflation, its causes, and its impact on the economy. It also explains the main strategies for reducing inflation—monetary, fiscal, and structural policy measures. The short-term and long-term effectiveness of these strategies is scientifically substantiated. The article highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach in controlling inflation and its role in ensuring economic stability.
Alimova Shahrizoda Farhodjon kizi,Uzganbayeva Dilnoza Toxtasinovna
CHALLENGES IN PRESERVING ICHTHYOFAUNAL DIVERSITY AND ENSURING ITS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHURKUL RESERVOIR
The conservation of ichthyofaunal diversity and the assurance of its sustainable development in the Shurkul Reservoir are currently considered among the most significant environmental challenges. In this region, the decline of fish species, changes in water quality, and increasing anthropogenic pressure are negatively affecting ecosystem balance. In addition, disruption of the hydrological regime and the reduction of natural habitats are leading to a decrease in biological diversity. Pollution factors resulting from human activities are contributing to changes in ichthyofaunal composition. At the same time, the irrational use of fish resources is slowing down their natural regeneration processes. Within the scope of this study, the necessity of sustainable aquatic ecosystem management, strengthening ecological monitoring, and implementing scientifically grounded management mechanisms is substantiated. The results indicate that a comprehensive approach is essential for maintaining biological diversity and ensuring sustainable development in the Shurkul Reservoir. The proposed recommendations, if applied in practice, will improve the ecological condition of the water body and enhance ichthyofaunal stability.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERROGATIVES IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
In world linguistics, research on the theory of interrogatives within the framework of language levels is mainly based on the lexical features of interrogative pronouns. Although significant progress has been made in studying the role and significance of the lexical and semantic layer of language units, a comparative typological study of interrogative words as verbal means in Uzbek and English clarifies their semantic essence at the syntactic level. In traditional grammar, sentences formed with the participation of interrogative signs, linguistic interrogative units, or verbalizers are called interrogative sentences. There are several approaches of world linguists to the theory of research of interrogative sentences, which consider it partially important to observe the process of using interrogative verbalizers as verbal means in the essence of the interrogative sentence, in particular, in the process of expressing the purpose of the speaker to get some information from the listener.
HTML ELEMENTS AND ATTRIBUTES: THE FOUNDATION OF WEB STRUCTURE
This article examines the fundamental role of HTML elements and attributes in structuring and enhancing web content. HTML elements serve as the core building blocks of a webpage, defining its logical structure through tags such as headings, paragraphs, links, and containers. The study explains different types of elements, including block-level, inline, semantic, and empty elements, and highlights the importance of proper nesting for maintaining a clear and functional document structure. In addition, the article explores HTML attributes as essential components that provide extra meaning and functionality to elements. Attributes such as id, class, href, and src enable styling, interactivity, and accessibility. Special attention is given to global and element-specific attributes, as well as boolean attributes. The paper emphasizes that the correct use of elements and attributes ensures accessible, well-organized, and maintainable web pages, which is crucial for both developers and users in modern web development.
Yusupov Akhmadbek Isabekovich, Usmonov Rustam Shukhrat Ugli , Yadgarov Hakim Naimovich
THE TEXT OF THE CRIMINAL CODE AS A LEGISLATIVE GENRE AND A UNIT OF LEGAL DISCOURSE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK LEGAL LANGUAGE
This article examines the text of the Criminal Code as a distinctive legislative genre and a central unit of legal discourse through a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek legal language. The study argues that the Criminal Code should be understood not merely as a codified legal document but as a complex communicative instrument through which the state formulates prohibitions, defines criminal liability, and regulates social conduct. The research focuses on the structural, lexical, semantic, and pragmalinguistic features of criminal legislation, with particular attention to modality, legal terminology, syntactic compression, and interpretive precision. A comparative approach demonstrates that despite belonging to different legal traditions, English and Uzbek criminal law texts share core discursive functions while differing in drafting conventions and linguistic realization. The article applies descriptive, comparative, discourse-analytic, and pragmalinguistic methods. The findings confirm that the Criminal Code operates simultaneously as a normative text, an institutional speech act, and a mechanism of legal communication. The paper contributes to contemporary legal linguistics by proposing an integrated model for analyzing criminal legislation as discourse rather than solely as doctrine.
METHODS OF PROMOTING DIVERGENT THINKING IN TEACHING
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical methods of encouraging divergent (creative) thinking in the teacher’s professional activity. Teachers foster students’ divergent thinking by supporting unconventional ideas, creating problem situations, and promoting the culture of questioning. Based on observation, surveys, and experimental data, the study explores how teachers’ creative approaches influence students’ cognitive activity. The findings reveal that the use of open-ended questions, project-based methods, and gamification increased students’ original thinking activity by up to 60 percent.
PEDAGOGICAL CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING DIGITAL REFLECTION AMONG STUDENTS
The modern education system is undergoing significant transformation as a result of the rapid development of digital technologies. The widespread implementation of electronic learning environments places new demands on pedagogy, among which the development of students’ digital reflection is of particular importance. This article systematically examines the pedagogical challenges associated with the formation of digital reflection and provides a scientific analysis of their underlying nature.
GREEN INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDUSTRIAL SECTORS
In recent decades, the concept of green innovation has become a central pillar in achieving sustainable industrial development. Industrial sectors are among the largest contributors to environmental degradation, including greenhouse gas emissions, resource depletion, and pollution. This study explores the role of green innovation and technological transformation in enhancing environmental sustainability and economic efficiency within industrial sectors. The research analyzes the integration of eco-friendly technologies, energy-efficient systems, and circular production models. Using a qualitative and comparative analysis approach, the paper highlights the impact of green technologies on productivity, cost reduction, and environmental protection. The findings indicate that green innovation not only mitigates environmental risks but also provides competitive advantages for firms in the global market. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of government policies, financial incentives, and international cooperation in accelerating the transition toward sustainable industrial systems.
IMPROVING EXPORT-ORIENTED MARKETING MECHANISMS IN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
This article explores the improvement of export-oriented marketing mechanisms in industrial enterprises from the perspective of sustainable development. In the context of globalization and intensifying international competition, industrial firms face the challenge of simultaneously expanding export potential and ensuring economic, environmental, and social sustainability. It examines the contemporary export marketing tools such as market segmentation, international branding, digital marketing technologies and customer-oriented strategies that contribute to long term competiveness. The marketing process is increasingly under scrutiny for sustainability aspects such as resource-efficiency, environmental performance and the adherence to international standards. On the methodology On the basis of analysis and comparison methodology, a number of practical recommendations to improve the functioning of export marketing mechanism strengthen industrial enterprises at foreign markets and ensuring steady growth are suggested in work. The results enrich the building of an exhaustive marketing theory which strongly links export performance with sustainable development goals.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL AT DIFFERENT AGE STAGES
This article analyzes the characteristics of moral development of the individual at different stages of ontogenesis. It highlights the role of biological, social, and psychological factors in shaping moral views, values, and behavior. The study examines the specific features of moral consciousness formation, understanding, and adherence to moral norms during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Furthermore, the role of key educational factors and the social environment influencing moral development is scientifically substantiated. The findings emphasize the importance of pedagogical and psychological approaches in ensuring moral maturity and personal development.
Umaraliyev Muzaffarjon Muhammadjon O‘g‘li
UTILIZING DIGITAL AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
This article analyzes the role of digital pedagogy and innovative approaches in fostering environmental awareness among preschool children. It highlights the effectiveness of digital technologies, interactive methods, and approaches such as STEAM education, game-based learning, project-based learning, and creative strategies in organizing environmental education. Furthermore, methodological approaches to developing environmental awareness, existing challenges, and their potential solutions are discussed on a scientific basis.
DEVELOPING CREATIVE POTENTIAL IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH STEAM TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This article examines the theoretical and practical significance of STEAM technology in fostering creativity among preschool children. The study substantiates key pedagogical principles for the development of creativity, including centralization, reflexivity, effectiveness, and an integrative approach. It also analyzes the potential of STEAM-based education to enhance children’s creative thinking, problem-solving skills, and engineering mindset.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL INFLUENCE OF MOTHERS IN THE UPBRINGING OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
This study examines the psychological and moral influence of mothers in the upbringing of preschool children. It explores how emotional relationships, maternal behavior, and value transmission shape children’s personality development. The findings indicate that maternal warmth, support, and positive communication significantly contribute to emotional stability, social adaptation, and independent thinking. Furthermore, non-punitive approaches based on encouragement and explanation are shown to be more effective than authoritarian methods. The study also identifies practical strategies for improving parenting practices in contemporary family contexts.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROCESSES OF FUTURE PRESCHOOL EDUCATORS
This article addresses issues related to improving the organization and management mechanisms of professional training processes for future preschool educators within the preschool education system. It analyzes the relevance of training pedagogical personnel in accordance with modern educational requirements, as well as international experiences and practices of developed countries such as Finland, Japan, the USA, Germany, and China. Furthermore, the necessity of developing teachers’ professional competencies based on ongoing reforms, regulatory frameworks, and strategic directions in the Republic of Uzbekistan is substantiated. The study systematizes professionally significant qualities of preschool educators and reveals their role in ensuring pedagogical creativity and effective professional activity. The article emphasizes the importance of integrating theoretical and practical training, implementing innovative approaches, and adopting competency-based education.
ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING PROCESSES FOR PRESCHOOL EDUCATORS
This study investigates the improvement of organizational and management mechanisms in the professional training of future preschool educators within the context of contemporary educational paradigm shifts. The research identifies key deficiencies in existing training models, including insufficient goal specification, lack of systemic integration, and limited alignment with future educational needs. A reflective and competency-based training model was developed and implemented through pedagogical experimentation. The findings demonstrate that integrating reflective learning and practice-oriented approaches significantly enhances students’ professional competencies. Statistical analysis confirms the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, indicating a 14.73% increase in training outcomes. The results highlight the importance of innovative and systematic approaches in improving the quality of preschool teacher education.
POSSIBILITIES AND CONDITIONS FOR THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ACTIVE LEARNING METHODS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL LITERACY IN THE PISA AND SAT FORMATS
This article examines the potential and pedagogical conditions for the effective use of active learning methods (problem-based learning, project-based learning, case studies, research activities, group strategies, cognitive activation, etc.) to develop students' mathematical literacy in the context of the international PISA and SAT assessments. Mathematical literacy within the PISA framework is defined as an individual's ability to formulate, apply, and interpret mathematics in a variety of real-world contexts, including mathematical reasoning, problem solving through modeling, and the integration of 21st-century skills (critical thinking, creativity, communication, reflection).
THE RISE AND FALL OF GREAT EMPIRES: A MULTIFACTORIAL SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the rise, development, and decline of major empires in world history through a multifactorial and systemic framework. The relevance of the study lies in understanding long-term patterns of political and socio-economic transformations that shape global historical processes. The novelty of the research consists in integrating classical historiography with modern interdisciplinary approaches, including complexity theory and environmental history. The study applies a comparative-historical method to examine selected empires, including the Roman Empire, Mongol Empire, British Empire, and Soviet Union. The findings demonstrate that imperial collapse is rarely caused by a single factor but emerges from the interaction of economic decline, political instability, social inequality, environmental stress, and external pressures. The study concludes that imperial decline should be interpreted not as abrupt failure but as a gradual process of systemic transformation. The research contributes to filling the gap in comparative and integrative models of imperial decline.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FAMILY INSTITUTION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE ANDIJAN REGION
This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of demographic processes and family dynamics in the Andijan region, particularly focusing on trends in divorce, birth, and mortality rates. Based on official statistical data by districts, it examines the dynamics of family divorces, as well as annual indicators of birth and death rates. At the same time, the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing these processes are thoroughly analyzed. The article highlights the impact of divorces on family stability, child upbringing, and the social environment of society. It also evaluates the effect of birth and mortality rates on the demographic development of the region. In conclusion, practical recommendations are provided aimed at strengthening family relations, supporting young families, and improving the healthcare and social protection systems.
ASSESSING THE VOCABULARY SIZE OF A MODERN MEDICAL STUDENT
This article is devoted to assessing the vocabulary of modern medical students and studying the factors of its development. The medical field is rich in its own terminology and complex scientific concepts, and it is important for students to have a wide vocabulary. Vocabulary is one of the main factors not only in mastering theoretical knowledge, but also in effective communication with patients. The methods used to determine the lexical potential of medical students, including tests, analysis of written and oral speech, and special diagnostic methods, are highlighted. The results of the study show that the vocabulary of students is directly related to their level of education, learning environment, and individual interests.
Gulnoz Kahramonovna Masudova,Akbarzhon Makhkamov Murod Ugli
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAMMATICAL AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
This study examines the relationship between grammatical competence and communicative competence in the process of learning English as a second or foreign language. Grammatical competence refers to the knowledge of language rules, including syntax, morphology, and sentence structure, while communicative competence involves the ability to use language appropriately and effectively in real-life communication. The paper explores how these two components interact in language learning and teaching, emphasizing that accurate grammatical knowledge supports meaningful communication, while communicative practice reinforces the correct use of grammar. The study also discusses the role of modern language teaching approaches, such as communicative language teaching and task-based learning, in integrating grammatical accuracy with communicative fluency. By analyzing theoretical perspectives and practical classroom strategies, the research highlights the importance of balancing grammar instruction with communicative activities to develop learners’ overall language proficiency.
ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ КРИЗИС ПРИ ДИАГНОЗЕ СПИД…
Автор данной работы философски размышляет об экзистенциальности человеческого бытия перед лицом диагноза ВИЧ, социальной стигмы и утраты иллюзий контроля. Через призму личного переживания раскрываются фундаментальные вопросы смысла жизни, ценности человеческой жизни и внутренней свободы в условиях несправедливости и боли. Так же можно представить, как диагноз меняет не саму жизнь, а её ритм, обнажая конфликт между ожиданиями и реальностью, между человеческой сущностью и навязанными обществом ярлыками.
Умирзакова Наргиза Акмаловна,Абдуллаева Латофат
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTEGRATIVE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING META-SUBJECT COMPETENCIES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
This article analyzes the significance and effectiveness of integrative learning technologies in the development of meta-subject competencies among primary school students. It also highlights the role of interdisciplinary lessons organized on the basis of integrative approaches in enhancing students’ independent thinking, problem-solving skills, and creative approaches. According to the research findings, the integrative approach increases students’ learning activity and expands the possibilities for applying knowledge in practical situations.
IMPROVING METHODOLOGICAL PROVISION OF DEVELOPMENT OF SUBJECT-RELATED COMPETENCES IN TEACHING ARTS IN PRIMARY GRADES BASED ON A SYNERGETIC APPROACH
The article discusses the use of new pedagogical technologies in the analysis of works of art in the classroom in the native language and reading literacy. Important aspects of the effective use of educational technologies have been increased. On the basis of examples, the necessity of taking into account the psychological and age characteristics of students when using didactic means is proven.
IN THE MEDIUM OF EXERCISES IN NATIVE LANGUAGE LESSONS DEVELOP STUDENT CREATIVENESS
This article reflects on the methods and means of developing creativity today. It is considered what methods and tools are used, especially for primary classes.The textbook also provides examples of exercises for creative thinking from the native language textbook.
Ushbu maqolada umumta’lim maktablaridagi texnologiya darslarining o‘quvchilar intellektual salohiyatini oshirishdagi neyropedagogik o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Muallif mayda motorika, fazoviy tasavvur va ijodiy konstruksiyalash jarayonlarining miya yarim sharlari o‘rtasidagi neyron aloqalarini mustahkamlashga ta’sirini ilmiy dalillar asosida yoritib beradi. Maqolada texnologiya ta’limining shunchaki amaliy ko‘nikma emas, balki kognitiv moslashuvchanlik, mantiqiy tafakkur va stressga chidamlilikni shakllantiruvchi strategik vosita ekanligi isbotlanadi. Shuningdek, fanlararo integratsiya (STEAM) orqali o‘quvchilarning akademik o‘zlashtirish samaradorligini oshirish bo‘yicha metodik tavsiyalar keltirilgan.
LINGUOPOETIC STUDY OF PAREMIAS AND PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH MYTHONYM COMPONENTS IN KHOREZM FOLKLORE
This article investigates the linguopoetic and semantic characteristics of paremiological units containing mythonyms within the system of Khorezmian and general Uzbek folklore. It analyzes the role of mythological figures such as Shayton (Satan), Farishta (Angel), Khizir, and Jin (Genie) in shaping the people's worldview and ethno-aesthetic values. The study identifies the metaphorical nature and emotional-expressive nuances of these units, leading to several scientific conclusions.
SEMANTIC AND ETYMOLOGICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF HOMELAND IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LITERARY WORKS
This article examines the semantic and etymological representation of the concept of “homeland” in English and Uzbek literary works. The notion of homeland is considered an important linguocultural category that reflects national identity, historical memory, and cultural values. The study explores the origin, semantic development, and artistic expression of the concept in both languages through a comparative approach. The findings reveal not only the shared semantic features of the concept but also its culture-specific interpretations in English and Uzbek literature.
SOCIO-LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES ON ETHNIC TOPONYMS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH: LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, AND TERRITORY
This article explores ethnic toponyms in Uzbek and English from a sociolinguistic perspective, focusing on the interrelationship between language, identity, and territory. The study examines how place names reflect ethnic affiliation, social structure, and historical processes, and how they function as markers of collective identity. Drawing on sociolinguistic theory, onomastics, and linguocultural analysis, the research investigates the formation, transformation, and interpretation of ethnic toponyms in both linguistic contexts. The findings reveal that Uzbek toponyms are closely tied to tribal identity, geographical features, and historical memory, whereas English toponyms reflect patterns of migration, colonization, and social hierarchy. The study demonstrates that toponyms serve as linguistic evidence of social and cultural dynamics, providing insight into how communities conceptualize space and belonging.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TAXES IN THE FORMATION OF STATE BUDGET REVENUES
This article examines the role and significance of taxes in the formation of state budget revenues. Taxes are considered the primary source of government income, ensuring the financial stability and effective functioning of public institutions. The study analyzes the structure of tax revenues, their share in the state budget, and their impact on macroeconomic stability and economic growth. Special attention is given to the tax system reforms implemented in developing economies, including Uzbekistan, and their role in increasing budget revenues. The research also highlights the importance of improving tax administration, expanding the tax base, and ensuring transparency in tax collection processes. Based on the analysis, practical recommendations are proposed to enhance the efficiency of tax policy and strengthen the revenue potential of the state budget.
THE EDUCATIONAL POWER OF KINDNESS IN VALENTIN GRIGORIEVICH RASPUTIN'S "FRENCH LESSONS"
This article explores the educational value of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin's story "French Lessons." The themes of education, mutual understanding, and kindness always remain relevant.
THE IMPACT OF GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
The integration of artificial intelligence into medical language education, particularly in Latin and English, represents a significant advancement in modern pedagogy. AI-driven technologies such as natural language processing, adaptive learning environments, and real-time translation systems enhance students’ comprehension of medical terminology and improve their analytical and communication skills. These tools support personalized learning and reduce linguistic barriers. However, their implementation requires careful consideration of ethical concerns, data privacy, and accessibility. A balanced combination of AI tools and traditional teaching approaches is essential for achieving effective educational outcomes.
STUDY OF M.A. BULGAKOV’S NOVEL “THE MASTER AND MARGARITA” NOVEL AT SCHOOL
This article discusses the study of the novel The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov in school. The essence of Bulgakov’s novel lies in the eternal struggle between good and evil, light and darkness, the individual and authority, as well as in the search for truth, justice, love, and happiness. At the same time, a person must always remain truly human. The Master and Margarita can also be interpreted as a kind of “gospel from Satan,” presenting, in essence, the enemy of humankind’s perspective on the events of the coming of Jesus Christ into the world.
This article broadly covers the theoretical and practical aspects of forming a national and secular worldview in students on the basis of education. It analyzes the role of national values, universal principles, moral and civic education, as well as modern pedagogical technologies in this process. The content components of education, teaching methods, and the importance of family, school, and society cooperation are revealed. Also, the problems arising in the context of globalization and ways to overcome them are explained on a scientific basis. The results of the study show that the harmony of national and secular worldviews is an important factor in the formation of a harmonious personality.
ADVANCING THE METHODOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF LECTURES IN THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS CURRICULUM
this article presents an analysis of experimental work on the use of information technology tools and Case-Study technology, to determine their level of effectiveness of lectures on "Ordinary Differential Equations” Module.
THE SYSTEM OF "MASTER'S PROGRAMS" AS A FACTOR IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CONTINUOUS EDUCATION
This paper examines the essence of the "Mentor-Student" system as a traditional factor in the development of lifelong education.
TAXES AND BUSINESS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This article examines the key issues arising in the interaction between taxation systems and business activities in modern economic conditions. Particular attention is paid to the challenges faced by enterprises due to high tax burdens, complex tax administration procedures, and inconsistencies in tax legislation. The study analyzes how these factors affect business development, investment activity, and overall economic growth. In addition, the article explores international best practices in improving tax systems and supporting entrepreneurship. Based on comparative analysis and systematic approaches, a number of practical solutions are proposed, including the simplification of tax administration, the introduction of digital tax technologies, and the optimization of tax incentives for businesses. The findings highlight the importance of creating a balanced tax environment that ensures both fiscal stability and favorable conditions for business growth.
MODERN METHODS OF FORMING INFORMATION COMPETENCIES OF DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARING STUDENTS
This article will analyze modern methods of forming information competencies of deaf and hard-of-hearing students from a scientific, theoretical, and practical point of view. The article reveals the essence of information competence, the relevance of developing this competence, taking into account the psychophysiological and cognitive characteristics of deaf and hard-of-hearing students.
CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN SPORTS TRANSLATION (ENGLISH–UZBEK)
This study examines cross-cultural variation in evaluative language within the context of English–Uzbek sports translation. Drawing on the theoretical framework of appraisal theory, the research explores how evaluative meanings—particularly those related to affect, judgment, and appreciation—are linguistically encoded and subsequently transferred across languages. Employing a comparative discourse-analytical methodology, the study analyzes parallel sports commentaries to identify patterns of semantic shift and pragmatic adaptation in translation. The findings indicate that cultural conventions, discourse norms, and language-specific structures significantly shape translation strategies, resulting in systematic modifications in evaluative intensity, metaphorical representation, and emotional expressivity. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between language, culture, and evaluation in sports media discourse and highlights the importance of culturally informed translation practices.
LEXICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KHOREZM REGIONAL DIALECTS AND THE UZBEK LITERARY LANGUAGE: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC AND ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
This article examines the lexical relationship between the regional dialects of the Khorezm oasis — specifically the Urgench (Urg.), Yangibazar (Y.bzr.), Gurlan (Grln.), Khanka (Xnq.), and Khiva (Xv.) subdialects and the contemporary Uzbek literary language. Drawing on an original corpus of approximately 60 dialect lexical items compiled from field research data, the study conducts a systematic etymological, semantic, and functional analysis of dialectal vocabulary that either lacks equivalents in, has been marginalized by, or exists in parallel with, the standard literary norm. The findings demonstrate that Khorezm dialectal lexis constitutes a rich, internally stratified layer of the Uzbek national language, encompassing archaic Turkic roots, Arabisms, Iranisms, indigenous cultural nominations, and onomatopoeia — many of which encode cultural realities absent from the literary standard. The study further argues that systematic integration of productive dialectal lexis can enrich the Uzbek literary language without destabilizing its normative coherence. These findings have practical implications for Uzbek lexicography, language planning, and dialect documentation efforts.
ORGANIZATION AND FORMATION OF INSURANCE FUNDS
Insurance funds play a crucial role in ensuring economic stability and social protection for the population. This article thoroughly analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of organizing insurance funds and their formation mechanisms. Key factors ensuring the stable operation of these funds, including the attraction and effective management of financial resources, are examined. Furthermore, the importance of legal and regulatory frameworks and state regulation influencing the development of insurance funds is highlighted. The research findings provide practical recommendations for improving the insurance system and enhancing its effectiveness.
Ashurova Oltin Yuldashevna, Ahmadbek Najmiddinov
AKSIZ SOLIG’INI HISOBLASH VA BUDJETGA O’TKAZISH TARTIBI
Aksiz solig‘i davlat byudjeti daromadlarining muhim manbalaridan biri bo‘lib, u asosan alohida turdagi tovarlar va xizmatlarga nisbatan qo‘llaniladi. Mazkur maqolada aksiz solig‘ini hisoblash mexanizmi, soliq bazasini aniqlash, stavkalarini qo‘llash hamda uni davlat byudjetiga o‘tkazish tartibini yoritishga bag‘ishlangan. Aksiz solig‘ini to‘lovchilar doirasi, soliq solinadigan obyektlar, imtiyozlar hamda hisob-kitob jarayonida uchraydigan amaliy masalalar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadqiqotda amaldagi soliq qonunchiligi, xususan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Soliq kodeksi asosida aksiz solig‘ining hisob-kitob qilish bosqichlari va to‘lov muddatlari tahlil qilinadi.
Turayev Alijon Akmal o’g’li ,Nurullayeva Adiba O’lmas qizi
EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR REINFORCING GRAMMATICAL KNOWLEDGE IN NATIVE LANGUAGE LESSONS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL
This article examines effective ways to strengthen grammatical knowledge in primary school native language instruction. Grammar is essential for developing correct speech, clear expression, and basic literacy skills. The study analyzes interactive methods, didactic games, and practice-based exercises. Results show that innovative strategies improve students’ motivation, engagement, and understanding of grammar. These methods also support correct use of grammatical rules in oral and written communication. Overall, the study highlights the importance of modern pedagogical approaches in improving grammar teaching quality in primary education.
BREEDING OF GREENHOUSE MELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.) HYBRIDS FOR PROTECTED CULTIVATION CONDITIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
To date, no local melon varieties adapted for protected cultivation have been officially zoned in our republic. In 2022, for the first time, a new melon variety for greenhouse conditions was developed and submitted to the State Variety Testing Agency under the name Zarkhal. Currently, several hybrid combinations of greenhouse melons have been created, including L-160 × Kichkintoy, L-9 × L-22-17, L-7 × Zarkhal, Zarkhal × L-22-17, Zarkhal × L-22-20, Ananas × L-20-22, L-9 × Galia, L-22-17 × Galia, Dove × L-9, and L-22-17 × Ananas. These hybrids are characterized not only by high yield (5.0–8.0 kg/m²), but also by excellent taste qualities, with an average fruit weight ranging from 0.9 to 1.5 kg. In addition, they show resistance to diseases such as powdery mildew and Fusarium wilt. Their tasting scores ranged from 4.0 to 4.5 points.
"TRANSLATION PROBLEMS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES "
This article examines the major challenges encountered in the process of translating between English and Uzbek languages. Translation is viewed not only as a linguistic activity but also as a cultural and cognitive process that requires deep understanding of both source and target languages. The paper focuses on key problem areas such as lexical ambiguity, grammatical differences, cultural mismatches, and stylistic adaptation. Special attention is given to the role of context in determining meaning, particularly in cases of polysemy and idiomatic expression
Alimqulova Hulkaroy Otabek qizi,Odilova Gulchiroy Husniddin qizi
FROM LEXEMES TO MEANING: A DEEPER LOOK INTO WORD COMBINATIONS
This article explores the relationship between lexemes and meaning construction through word combinations, focusing on how linguistic units interact within syntactic and semantic frameworks. Drawing on established linguistic theories such as structuralism, generative grammar, and cognitive linguistics, the study analyzes how meaning emerges not from isolated lexemes but from their combinatory properties. The paper employs descriptive and analytical methodologies, supported by examples from English and cross-linguistic data. The findings demonstrate that meaning is shaped by syntagmatic relations, collocational patterns, and contextual constraints, emphasizing the dynamic nature of language.