Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EIJMR) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in various disciplines. The journal aims to promote multidisciplinary research and provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their work to a wider audience.
FOLK SPIRIT AND NATIONAL COLOR IN THE POET’S WORLDVIEW
This article analyzes the manifestation of folk spirit in the poetry and prose of Anvar Obidjon, the expression of national color through artistic devices, and the synthesis of national traditions with modern thinking in the poet’s worldview.
INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE WORKS OF AHMAD A’ZAM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE STORY “THE MAN WHO LOST HIS SHADOW”)
This article analyzes the artistic interpretation of human psychology in the works of the talented Uzbek writer Ahmad A’zam on the example of the story “Soyasini yo‘qotgan odam” (“The Man Who Lost His Shadow”). The system of characters, the inner experiences of the protagonists, and the artistic expression of psychological states are revealed through the writer’s unique style and artistic mastery.
PHYTONCIDAL MIMICRY IN PLANTS AS A STRATEGY FOR INSECT PEST CONTROL
This article examines the mechanisms underlying the emergence of phytoncidal mimicry in plants, the processes involved in its manifestation, its ecological significance, and the prospects for its practical application. One of the most pressing challenges of modern agriculture is the development of environmentally sustainable methods for controlling insect pests without causing adverse effects on ecosystems as a whole. Although phytoncidal mimicry remains a relatively understudied phenomenon, it represents a promising approach to addressing pest-related challenges in agriculture. In this context, the topic is both scientifically relevant and worthy of further investigation due to its potential contribution to the development of sustainable pest management strategies.
LABORATORY METHODS FOR HERPES VIRUS DIAGNOSIS
This article systematically analyzes modern laboratory diagnostic methods for herpes virus infection. Diseases caused by the herpes virus — including labial, genital, ophthalmic herpes, and neuroinfections — are widespread worldwide, making timely and accurate diagnosis highly important. The article comprehensively describes virological methods (virus isolation in cell culture), cytological examination, immunological methods (immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot), and molecular genetic methods (polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, genotyping, and antiviral resistance genotyping). The sensitivity, specificity, advantages, and limitations of each method are presented based on scientific sources.
Abdurahmonova K.R., Yuldosheva N.J., Akramova L.I.
CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE, MODERN LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
This article analyzes the mechanisms of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnostics of infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori. Campylobacter infection is mainly transmitted through food and presents with acute intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. In some cases, post-infectious autoimmune complications affecting the nervous system may occur. Helicobacter pylori can persist in the gastric mucosa for a long time, contributing to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and malignant changes. The article explains in simple terms the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion, tissue invasion, and inflammation induction. Diagnostic methods such as microaerophilic culture, urease and breath tests, stool antigen detection, and molecular techniques are comparatively evaluated. The growing problem of antibiotic resistance and the importance of modern molecular approaches for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment selection are also highlighted.
Sultonalieva Madina Makhmudjon kizi, Erkinova Mekhrangiz Ulug’bek kizi, G’ulomjonova Gulyuz Abrorjon kizi, Ilashova Nozima Temur kizi,Boltayeva Gulirano
THE IMPORTANCE OF NOOTROPIC DRUGS IN MEDICAL PRACTICE AND THE RELEVANCE OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT
Nootropics, also known as “smart drugs” are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Many healthy people increasingly utilize "smart drugs" to try to improve their mental function, even though nootropics are intended to address cognitive issues associated with medical disorders. The clinical concerns around common nootropics and other drugs used for this purpose are reviewed in this paper. It is difficult to determine how effective these medications are as supplements or therapies because research on them varies widely, particularly for age-related brain diseases. The applications, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, potential side effects, and contraindications are covered for each of the numerous primary representatives of each class of nootropics. A brief explanation of each plant representative, including its occurrence, history, and chemical makeup of the therapeutic part, is also included for the nootropic plant extracts. Finally, detailed guidelines for the usage of nootropics by healthy and sick people are outlined. Methylphenidate, modafinil, amphetamines, and psychedelics are the most popular smart drugs, which are frequently taken under pressure or stress at work or school. The effectiveness of these medications in enhancing cognitive and decision-making abilities is still unknown, though. There are health dangers associated with using them, particularly if you don't have a prescription. Additionally, there is a dearth of up-to-date, comprehensive information regarding the prevalence of these substances and their effects. Improved training for physicians, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals may assist identify issues early and increase patient safety.
Pakhlavon Qakhramonovich Turdiev, Nosirova Matluba Ravshan kizi, Khajibaeva Madina Khursand kizi, Mo‘ydinova Madinabonu Ilkhomjon kizi , To‘rajonova Musaffo Alijon kizi , Khamraeva Marjona Sherali kizi
APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PRIMARY OSTEOPOROSIS
Back pain is a common medical and social problem requiring a thorough differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment from physicians of all specialties. Both physicians and patients often underestimate the role of metabolic skeletal diseases in the development of acute and chronic pain. This article presents a clinical case of primary (postmenopausal) osteoporosis in a 66-year-old female patient with clinically manifest primary generalized osteoarthritis. A detailed analysis of the algorithm of standard and additional diagnostic procedures is provided, along with indications for use and the selection of a drug for pathogenetic therapy. The presence of metabolic skeletal disease was suspected based on back pain in this elderly patient, which began at a late age (over 50 years), and a height loss of more than 4 cm compared to her height at age 25. The diagnosis was made clinically based on radiographic data (lumbar vertebral fracture) and confirmed by laboratory testing. When determining the treatment tactics, the risk of fracture was taken into account, in particular, which in the presented observation was assessed as high.
THE IMPORTАNCE OF INVESTMENTS IN THE TRАNSITION TO А GREEN ECONOMY
This аrticle sheds light on the importаnce of investments in the process of trаnsition to а green economy from а scientific аnd theoreticаl perspective. The study аnаlyzes green investments аs аn importаnt fаctor in ensuring economic growth, strengthening environmentаl sаfety, increаsing energy efficiency аnd аchieving sustаinаble development. It аlso reveаls the role of investments in renewаble energy, industriаl modernizаtion, wаste recycling, ecologicаl trаnsport аnd rаtionаl use of resources. The аrticle uses scientific аnd theoreticаl аnаlysis, compаrison, systemаtic аpproаch аnd logicаl generаlizаtion methods. The results of the study show thаt green investments not only reduce environmentаl problems, but аlso serve to increаse the competitiveness of economic sectors, creаte new jobs аnd introduce innovаtive technologies. In the conditions of Uzbekistаn, the wide аttrаction of investments in the trаnsition to а green economy is importаnt for ensuring energy security, effective use of nаturаl resources аnd аchieving long-term sustаinаble economic growth.
Kenjаyev Ilhom Giyozovich,Elаmonovа Rukhshonа Fаrkhod Qizi
THE MAIN FACTORS HINDERING THE EMPLOYMENT OF SOCIALLY VULNERABLE WOMEN
This article is devoted to the analysis of the main factors hindering the employment of socially vulnerable women. The study examines economic, social, and organizational factors that negatively affect women's participation in the labor market. In particular, insufficient professional qualifications, limited access to financial resources, regional socio-economic disparities, informal employment, gender inequality, and the impact of family responsibilities on women's employment are analyzed. Based on the research findings, scientific and practical recommendations have been developed to increase the labor market participation of socially vulnerable women, strengthen their economic independence, and improve employment support mechanisms.
SADRIDDIN AYNI AS A FIGURE OF UZBEK-TAJIK LITERARY DIALOGUE IN XX AND EARLY XXI CENTURY RESEARCH
The article examines scientific approaches to studying the life and creative heritage of Sadriddin Ayni within the context of Uzbek-Tajik literary ties. Research focuses on studies where the writer's personality is examined not only within the framework of Tajik literary history but also as a part of the common cultural space of Central Asia. A special place is occupied by the analysis of works dedicated to Ayni's biography, his enlightenment activities, his role in the development of the literary language, his ties with the Uzbek cultural environment, and the perception of his heritage during the years of independence. The material of the article is built upon the understanding of Ayni as a transitional era writer who combined classical Eastern tradition, enlightenment ideas, and new forms of realistic prose. Particular attention is paid to how modern researchers reinterpret its significance for Uzbek-Tajik literary interaction. The article emphasizes that Ayni's legacy maintains its scientific value as a source for studying intercultural dialogue, linguistic reform, and the region's literary memory.
HISTORICAL CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF ECOLOGICAL CRISES IN CENTRAL ASIA
This article examines the historical causes and long-term consequences of ecological crises in Central Asia on the basis of the principles of historicism, comparative analysis, systemic approach, and cause-and-effect methodology. It provides a detailed analysis of the ecological consequences of the agrarian policies of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union beginning in the nineteenth century, the origins of the Aral Sea crisis, the problems of desertification and water scarcity, the impact of ecological crises on regional security and geopolitics, and the evolution of ecological policy during the years of independence.
THE ROLE OF BLOOM’S TAXONOMY, SMART TECHNOLOGY, AND THE ABCD MODEL IN DESIGNING EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
The clear formulation of educational objectives is a central condition for effective teaching and learning. This article examines three widely used instruments for designing such objectives: Bloom’s Taxonomy, SMART technology, and the ABCD model. Bloom’s Taxonomy provides a hierarchy of cognitive processes that helps teachers move learners from simple remembering to higher-order thinking. SMART technology offers a set of five criteria — Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound — that turn general intentions into concrete and verifiable goals. The ABCD model defines four components of a complete objective: Audience, Behavior, Condition, and Degree. Using a descriptive and comparative method based on the analysis of scholarly literature, the study explains the theoretical basis of each instrument and shows how they can be combined in practice. The results suggest that the three tools are complementary rather than competing: Bloom’s Taxonomy guides the cognitive level, the ABCD model structures the wording, and SMART technology ensures measurability and feasibility. The article concludes that the integrated use of these instruments improves the quality of lesson planning, assessment, and learning outcomes, and it offers practical recommendations for teachers and curriculum designers.
ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON THE CALCULATION OF LONG-DISTANCE WATER PIPELINE SYSTEMS
In a scientific article, the work carried out in the drinking water supply system in our country, in particular, the provision of clean drinking water to the inhabitants of the Bogishamol massif of the city of Andijan, and the scientific work carried out by foreign scientists in this regard were studied.
A CONTRASTIVE IDIOMATIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR TERMS IN SPANISH AND UZBEK
This paper presents a contrastive idiomatic analysis of color terms (chromatisms) within the phraseological systems of the Spanish and Uzbek languages. Color idioms serve as important repositories of cultural memory, cognitive framing, and historical evolution. Operating within the framework of contrastive linguistics and cognitive phraseology, this study systematically examines how primary and secondary color terms are deployed metaphorically to express emotional states, psychological conditions, social status, and abstract conceptualizations in both target languages. The results reveal that while certain universal physiological realities produce parallel somatic-color metaphors (such as redness for anger or embarrassment), distinct ecological environments, historical trajectories, Islamic and Christian traditions, and Nomadic versus Mediterranean socio-cultural paradigms have generated significant divergent idiomatic structures. This semantic divergence is vividly illustrated by specific idiomatic patterns, such as the Spanish use of purple (morado) for extreme satiety or anger, contrasted with the Uzbek employment of blue/green (ko‘karmoq) or dark-red/purple (bo‘g‘irmoq) for similar emotional intensities.
MODERN METHODS AND PRINCIPLES FOR REDUCING COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
This scientific article presents a comprehensive treatment approach for 112 patients with purulent-necrotic wound complications in the lower extremities arising from diabetes mellitus. The patients were divided into groups according to Wagner's classification and treated using a locally produced medication (Reomannisol). The effectiveness of the complex treatment was assessed based on criteria such as the duration of patients' disability, the necessity for amputation, the frequency of repeat visits, and other indicators.
Ergashev Ulugbek Yusufjanovich,Zokhirov Adkhamjon Rafikovich,Istamov Maxmudali Iskandarovich
THE ROLE OF THERMAL DESORPTION SURFACE IONIZATION SPECTROMETRY (TDSIS) IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
This review presents Thermal Desorption Surface Ionization spectrometry (TDSIS) for analyzing nitrogen-containing pesticides in complex matrices. The "Iskovich" spectrometer offers a detection limit of 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻¹¹ g and a linear range of 2,5–4,5 orders. TDSIS demonstrates high selectivity for nitrogenous compounds. Practical applications in honey and plant extracts are discussed, along with limitations including matrix effects and emitter poisoning.
Safarov M.B., Eshmatov G'. Kh., Jalilov F.S.
INTERNET USAGE LEVELS AMONG YOUTH AND TRENDS IN THE PREVALENCE OF INTERNET ADDICTION
The rapid development of digital technologies has significantly increased Internet use among young people worldwide. The Internet has become an essential tool for education, communication, entertainment, and access to information. However, excessive and uncontrolled Internet use has led to the emergence of Internet addiction as an important social and psychological issue. This article investigates the level of Internet use among youth and examines current trends in the prevalence of Internet addiction. The study analyzes the main factors contributing to excessive Internet use, including social media engagement, online gaming, digital communication, and psychological influences. Particular attention is paid to the effects of Internet addiction on mental health, academic achievement, social relationships, and overall well-being. The article also explores the psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with problematic Internet use among adolescents and young adults. In addition, various preventive strategies and intervention approaches are discussed to promote healthy digital habits and responsible Internet use.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CATEGORIES OF INTENSITY AND GRADATION: A SEMANTIC, COGNITIVE, AND FUNCTIONAL-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS
This article analyzes the linguistic nature, semantic essence, and interrelationship of the categories of intensity and gradation. It provides a scientific justification for the role of gradation as a general category expressing the semantics of degree and for intensity as a semantic-pragmatic phenomenon reflecting the higher segments of this system. Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of J. Lyons, D. Bolinger, C. Kennedy, G. Lakoff, R. Langacker, A. V. Bondarko, and other scholars, the study examines the cognitive, functional-semantic, and pragmatic characteristics of intensity and gradation. Furthermore, the article explores the connection of these categories with evaluation, expressiveness, and emotionality. A comparative analysis based on English and Uzbek linguistic data reveals both the universal and national-cultural aspects of intensity and gradation. The findings demonstrate that intensity is a category grounded in gradation, yet semantically and pragmatically more complex.
ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN TURKESTAN: MAIN DIRECTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT
This article analyzes the economic policy pursued by the Russian Empire in Turkestan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Special attention is given to land and water reforms, taxation policy, transport infrastructure, and trade-industrial development. The article also evaluates the positive and negative consequences of imperial economic policy for the social and economic life of Turkestan.
Mukhtaram Bakayevna Yakubova,Abdimurodov Shahboz Davron ugli
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE TIMURID ERA: SOURCES, METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, AND MODERN INTERPRETATIONS
The Timurid dynasty occupies a distinctive place in the political, cultural, and intellectual history of Central Asia and the broader Islamic world. Despite the dynasty’s profound influence on state formation, diplomacy, military organization, science, and cultural development across Transoxiana, Iran, Afghanistan, and India, Timurid studies in Uzbekistan remained ideologically constrained during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. This article examines the historiography of the Timurid era through a comprehensive analysis of classical chronicles, genealogical manuscripts, diplomatic narratives, literary sources, and modern scholarly interpretations. Using comparative historiographical and source-critical methodologies, the study evaluates the evolution of Timurid historiography from medieval chronicles to post-independence Uzbek scholarship. Particular attention is devoted to the manuscript tradition of Muʿizz al-Ansāb, the role of Timurid women in political and cultural life, intelligence and state security systems under Amir Timur, and the reinterpretation of Timurid legacy in contemporary historiography. The article demonstrates that modern Timurid studies have evolved into an interdisciplinary field integrating political, cultural, gender, diplomatic, and military history.
THE ISSUE OF GIRLS’ EDUCATION IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICAL SOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN TURKESTAN
The issue of education in Turkestan during the Russian imperial period remains one of the central topics in the historiography of colonial Central Asia. In particular, the education of Muslim girls occupied a specific place within the imperial administrative discourse and statistical documentation. This article analyzes archival-administrative materials, statistical data, reports of military governors, educational inspectors, and imperial officials concerning girls’ education in Turkestan under Russian colonial rule. The study demonstrates that the educational reforms introduced by the Russian Empire were not primarily intended to increase literacy among the indigenous population, but rather aimed at creating ideologically loyal subjects and “faithful mothers” raised within the framework of imperial values. Statistical evidence from Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkand, and other regions reveals both the persistence of traditional Muslim educational institutions and the limited penetration of Russian-native schools. The article further examines the contradictions of colonial educational policy, dual administrative control, financial deficiencies, and the gradual deterioration of the indigenous educational system under imperial governance.
HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ISLAM KARIMOV’S PERSONALITY AND POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN UZBEKISTAN: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY
The historiographical interpretation of Islam Karimov’s personality and political activity represents a complex and multidimensional field of study in post-Soviet Central Asian scholarship. This article analyzes his formation as a statesman, his economic and political reforms, the international positioning of Uzbekistan, and scholarly interpretations of his governance. The study integrates extensive quantitative data, including GDP growth from 9.3 billion USD in 1991 to 15.5 billion USD in 2000, inflation reduction from 120 percent in 1995 to 30 percent in 2000, export growth reaching 2.5 billion USD in 2000, an unemployment rate of 7.3 percent in 2023, inflation of 15 percent in 2023, and 5 percent GDP growth in 2020. The research also examines institutional reforms, international comparisons involving South Korea, Singapore, Germany, Japan, France, and the United States, legal transformations, and historiographical debates. The findings demonstrate that Karimov’s governance model combined centralized political authority with pragmatic economic modernization, producing both developmental achievements and democratic deficits.
SHAHABUDDIN MARJANI’S FORMATIVE PERIOD AND THE NECESSITY OF HIS JOURNEY TO SAMARKAND
The present study examines the formative intellectual period of the prominent Tatar theologian, historian, reformer, and educator Shahabuddin Marjani (1818–1889), with particular emphasis on the socio-political and religious circumstances that necessitated his educational migration to Bukhara and Samarkand. The article analyzes the broader historical context of the Volga-Ural Muslim communities under Russian imperial rule during the late eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries, highlighting the processes of Russification, Christian missionary expansion, and administrative control over Islamic institutions. Through historical-comparative and source-critical methodologies, the study demonstrates that the migration of Tatar students to Mawarannahr was not an isolated educational phenomenon but part of a large-scale intellectual and spiritual movement shaped by imperial pressure, economic transformation, and shared Hanafi-Maturidi traditions. The research further argues that Marjani’s educational experience in Central Asia profoundly influenced the emergence of Islamic reformism and Jadid thought among the Tatars. The article concludes that Samarkand and Bukhara functioned as independent intellectual zones beyond direct imperial ideological control and became decisive centers in shaping modern Tatar Muslim consciousness.
CLASSIFICATION OF WRITTEN AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD AND THE DEGREE OF THEIR SCIENTIFIC STUDY
The Great Silk Road occupies a significant place in the history of world civilization as a transcontinental trade and cultural communication system that connected the East and West for many centuries. The study of its history relies heavily on written, archaeological, visual, ethnographic, and narrative sources, which together allow scholars to reconstruct the historical realities of intercultural interaction, economic exchange, and urban development. This article examines the classification of sources related to the Great Silk Road and analyzes the degree of their scientific investigation in modern historiography. Special attention is devoted to Chinese chronicles, Dunhuang and Turfan manuscripts, travelers’ accounts, archaeological discoveries, and the contributions of Western and Eastern scholars to Silk Road studies. The research applies historical-comparative, source-critical, and interdisciplinary approaches to evaluate the methodological foundations of Silk Road historiography. The study demonstrates that the integration of written and material evidence has considerably expanded the possibilities for reconstructing the historical processes associated with the Great Silk Road. Furthermore, the article highlights the growing importance of museum studies, digital humanities, and visual analysis in contemporary Silk Road scholarship.
HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE SOCIAL SITUATION IN TURKESTAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY
This article examines the historiography of the social conditions in Turkestan within the broader framework of Central Asian historical studies. The study highlights the complexity and multi-layered nature of historiographical interpretations shaped by significant political transformations, particularly the Russian imperial conquest in the late nineteenth century and subsequent incorporation into the Soviet system. The findings demonstrate that historiography of Russian Empire was largely driven by Eurocentric and colonial ideologies, portraying the region as backward and legitimizing imperial expansion under the notion of a “civilizing mission.” Soviet historiography, while contributing to empirical research and institutional development, was heavily influenced by Marxist-Leninist ideology, reducing complex social processes to class struggle and economic determinism. In contrast, Jadid intellectuals introduced an internal reformist perspective, emphasizing education and modernization as key factors of social progress. Western scholars provided more balanced and multi-dimensional analyses, focusing on colonialism, identity, gender, and social structures. The study further reveals that contemporary Uzbek historiography has shifted towards a more critical and nationally grounded interpretation, reassessing colonial and Soviet narratives while emphasizing objectivity and source-based analysis.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF “TAZKIRAT ASH-SHUARO” AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE
This article examines Tazkirat ash-Shuaro by Davlatshah Samarqandi as a significant historical and literary source for the study of Central Asian and Iranian cultural history between the 9th and 15th centuries. Using historiographical and source-critical approaches, the paper analyzes the structure, content, sources, and scholarly value of the tazkira. Particular attention is given to its role in reconstructing socio-political processes, including the Sarbadar movement in Khorasan and the cultural environment of the Timurid period. The study concludes that despite certain inaccuracies, Tazkirat ash-Shuaro remains a crucial primary source for both literary and historical research.
COVERAGE OF NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY IN SOURCES
This article examines the historiographical and source-based foundations of the 1916 Turkestan uprising within the context of the colonial policies of the Russian Empire in Central Asia. The study analyzes the political, economic, and social transformations that emerged in Turkestan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a result of imperial conquest and colonial administration. Particular attention is devoted to the mobilization decree of June 25, 1916, its implementation, and the large-scale resistance movement that followed throughout the region. The research is based on a comparative and critical analysis of various historical sources, including official imperial documents, military reports, archival materials, witness testimonies, memoirs, periodical publications, and foreign historiographical works. Special emphasis is placed on the accounts of Aleksey Kuropatkin, Aleksandr Kerensky, G. I. Broydo, N. E. Kolesnikov, S. O. Kochin, and Mustafa Choqay, whose observations reveal different dimensions of the uprising and the colonial system. The article also evaluates the reliability, subjectivity, and ideological orientation of these sources from a source-critical perspective. The research further argues that Soviet class-based interpretations fail to fully explain the essence of the events. Instead, the available body of historical sources supports the interpretation of the 1916 uprising as a broad national liberation struggle directed against Russian colonial domination. The article contributes to modern historiography by providing a critical reassessment of the uprising through an interdisciplinary and source-oriented approach.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WORK “MÜKEMMEL TARIH-I FERGANA” AS A HISTORICAL SOURCE
This article examines the historiographical significance, source base, and narrative characteristics of “Mükemmel Tarih-i Fergana” and related works authored by Fozilbek Otabek oglu, with particular attention to Mufassal tavorixi Turkiston and the incomplete Tarixi umm. The study demonstrates that these works constitute important narrative sources for reconstructing the political, social, and cultural history of the Kokand Khanate and the wider Fergana Valley from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The research highlights that Fozilbek’s historiography is characterized by a synthesis of written chronicles, earlier historical works (including Ravzat us-safo, Boburnoma, and Russian historiographical materials), and oral traditions. His methodology reflects a critical, albeit contextually constrained, approach to source selection and verification, aiming to present a relatively balanced account of dynastic history. Particular emphasis is placed on his dual portrayal of rulers, in which both positive and negative attributes of khans are recorded, thereby distinguishing his work from purely panegyric historiographical traditions. The article further analyzes the manuscript tradition and textual transmission of Mukammal tarixi Fergana, preserved primarily in a later copy held at the Abu Rayhan Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies. It also considers the impact of its production under colonial administrative conditions, including its commissioning context, which may have influenced narrative framing and selection of historical events.
IMPACT OF MANAGING VARIABLE AND FIXED COSTS ON FIRM PROFITABILITY
This article examines the impact of managing variable and fixed costs on firm profitability in industrial enterprises. The study analyses how the accurate classification and control of costs — into variable and fixed components — directly influences enterprise profit margins, pricing decisions, and break-even performance. Using theoretical frameworks, comparative analysis, and statistical data from Uzbekistan’s industrial sector for 2021–2024, the research demonstrates that enterprises with structured cost management practices achieve significantly higher profitability ratios than those relying on undifferentiated cost control. The paper identifies critical barriers to effective cost classification, proposes a practical management framework, and presents a cost-volume-profit model adapted to the Uzbek business context.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TRANSLATION: TECHNOLOGIES, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The integration of artificial intelligence into translation has significantly transformed linguistic mediation, multilingual communication, and professional translation practice. This article examines the technological foundations, practical applications, limitations, ethical concerns, and future directions of AI-powered translation systems. The study focuses particularly on neural machine translation, transformer-based architectures, attention mechanisms, multilingual modeling, and human-AI collaboration. The findings show that AI translation improves speed, scalability, accessibility, and cost efficiency in global communication. However, it still faces serious challenges in translating idioms, humor, figurative language, culturally specific meanings, legal and medical texts, and low-resource languages. Ethical issues such as bias, privacy, data security, and overreliance on automated systems also remain significant.
MODERN GENRE EXPRESSION IN THE WORK OF GERMANE DE STAHL
This article examines the poetics of modernity in the literary and aesthetic thought of Madame de Staël. It shows that, while remaining committed to classical norms, Madame de Staël also emphasizes the need for literature to adapt to new historical experience, especially the intellectual and emotional climate of the post-Revolutionary era. The article further explores the role of Christianity, inner reflection, melancholy, passion, and philosophical analysis in the formation of modern literature.
PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ASSESSING PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROGRAMS
This article examines the pedagogical foundations that underpin the assessment of primary school students within the framework of internationally recognized assessment programs, including PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study), TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study), and PISA for Schools. Drawing on contemporary educational research, the study analyzes how these programs align with constructivist and competency-based pedagogical theories. The article argues that meaningful adoption of international assessment standards requires systemic restructuring of classroom evaluation practices, teacher professional development, and curriculum design. Special attention is given to the application of these foundations in the context of developing countries and transitional education systems, including Uzbekistan. The findings suggest that when international assessment frameworks are embedded within a coherent national pedagogical strategy, they significantly enhance the quality of primary education outcomes.
FEATURES OF LEXICOGRAPHIC SOURCES OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE
This article examines the distinctive features of lexicographic sources in the Uzbek language, tracing their development from early manuscript glossaries of the 18th century through the Soviet-era normative dictionaries to contemporary digital lexicographic projects. A systematic analysis of 141 lexicographic works was conducted, revealing typological classifications, structural peculiarities, script transitions, and the degree of dialectal and terminological coverage. The study employs bibliographic analysis, comparative-typological and descriptive methods. Results indicate that Uzbek lexicography has undergone three major paradigm shifts — pre-Soviet, Soviet normative, and post-independence pluralistic — each leaving distinct structural and conceptual imprints on existing dictionaries. The findings contribute to a theoretical framework for the systematic evaluation and modernization of Uzbek lexicographic resources.
Kurbonova Nilufar Mursamadovna ,Khamrayeva Yorkinoy Nabijonovna
THE INTEGRATION OF COMPANY AND BRAND NAMES INTO DAILY CONSUMPTION: UNIFICATION OF UZBEK EQUIVALENTS FOR INTERNATIONAL TERMS IN DICTIONARIES AND MANUALS, AND WAYS TO OVERCOME PRAGMATIC AND CULTURAL MISMATCHES
This scientific paper investigates the profound sociolinguistic and lexicographical ramifications of globalization on the contemporary Uzbek vocabulary. The primary research focus centers on the structural integration of multinational company and brand names into the daily consumption and communicative discourse of domestic language speakers. Driven by rapid digitization, proprietary commercial trademarks frequently undergo morphological adaptation and functional shifts, transforming into generic everyday nouns or verbs within the local vernacular. However, this fluid process precipitates critical challenges for contemporary lexicography, exposing a widening gap between spontaneous colloquial usage and formal linguistic codification. Through a systematic qualitative auditing of modern reference literature, this study underscores the urgent necessity for the lexical unification of official Uzbek equivalents for international terms within newly published dictionaries and educational manuals. Furthermore, the paper rigorously analyzes the cognitive, semantic, and cultural frictions—explicitly classified as pragmatic mismatches—that occur when foreign corporate idioms are introduced into the traditional Uzbek socio-cultural landscape. To bridge these conceptual vacuums, the author evaluates various localization models, advocating for descriptive translation strategies and context-driven semantic extensions over rigid literal calquing. Ultimately, the research offers a structured methodology for lexicographers and professional translators to navigate corporate neologisms, ensuring that the codification of global concepts maintains structural harmony with the grammatical norms, national identity, and pragmatic expectations of the Uzbek speech community.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES
This article examines the opportunities and effectiveness of using digital technologies in teaching geological sciences in higher education. The rapid development of information and communication technologies has transformed educational practices and created new opportunities for improving the quality of teaching and learning. The study focuses on the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing technologies, three-dimensional (3D) modeling tools, virtual laboratories, and e-learning platforms in geology education. These technologies provide innovative approaches to the visualization, analysis, and interpretation of geological data and processes, enabling students to better understand complex geological concepts and develop practical skills. The research evaluates the role of digital technologies in enhancing students’ theoretical knowledge, analytical thinking, independent learning abilities, and professional competencies. Particular attention is given to the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies for spatial data analysis, as well as virtual laboratories and 3D models for simulating geological structures and processes. The findings indicate that the integration of modern digital technologies into geology education significantly improves learning outcomes, increases student motivation and engagement, and enhances the effectiveness of professional training. The study concludes that the systematic implementation of digital technologies is essential for preparing highly qualified and competitive geology specialists capable of meeting the demands of the modern labor market.
THE TECHNOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE DEGREASING PROCESS IN LEATHER MANUFACTURING
This article analyzes the technological importance of the degreasing stage in leather manufacturing, as well as its effect on leather quality and subsequent processing operations. Raw hides contain natural fats, protein residues, impurities, and other organic substances that may negatively affect the uniform tanning, dyeing, and finishing of leather. Therefore, the degreasing process is an important stage in reducing excess fats between leather fibers, ensuring the uniform penetration of chemical reagents into the leather structure, and improving the physical and mechanical properties of finished leather. The article discusses degreasing methods, the reagents used, factors influencing process efficiency, and environmental aspects.
TRANSFORMATION VA STRATEGISCHE INTEGRATION DES DEUTSCHEN MANAGEMENTMODELLS IN DIE WIRTSCHAFT USBEKISTANS
My article provides a profound analysis of the German corporate governance model ("Deutschland AG") and its distinctive features, including the two-tier board system, co-determination (Mitbestimmung), long-term strategic planning, and the role of the "Mittelstand" (SMEs) phenomenon in economic stability. The primary objective of the paper is to develop conceptual frameworks for adapting this highly efficient economic architecture to the current context of structural reforms, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and corporate sector modernization in Uzbekistan. Furthermore, the article systematically evaluates national mentality, institutional readiness, and the systemic risks associated with the transformation process.
Shokirov Shokhrukhmirzo Bakhtiyorjon ogli