Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research
The Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (EIJMR) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, and short communications in various disciplines. The journal aims to promote multidisciplinary research and provide a platform for researchers to disseminate their work to a wider audience.
THE THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMING MEDIA COMPETENCE IN STUDENTS IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of forming media competence in students within the system of professional education. In the context of rapid digitalization, global information exchange, and the growing impact of mass media on social consciousness, media competence has become one of the key components of professional and personal development. The study analyzes the essence of the concept of media competence, its structural components, pedagogical significance, and its place in the professional training of future specialists. Special attention is paid to methodological approaches, including competence-based, activity-based, personality-oriented, and integrative approaches. The article also identifies the pedagogical conditions, didactic principles, and effective teaching methods necessary for developing students’ ability to critically analyze, interpret, create, and ethically use media content. The findings show that the systematic integration of media education into professional training contributes to students’ critical thinking, information culture, communication skills, and readiness for independent decision-making in modern society. The article proposes practical recommendations for improving the process of developing media competence in professional education institutions.
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is one of the most common forms of anemia observed in patients with chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, malignancies, chronic kidney disease, and other long-standing inflammatory conditions. This type of anemia develops through complex interactions between the immune system, iron metabolism, and erythropoiesis. The main mechanisms include increased hepcidin production, reduced intestinal iron absorption, impaired release of stored iron, decreased erythropoietin activity, and suppressed bone marrow response. As a result, patients develop iron-restricted erythropoiesis despite normal or increased iron stores. The present article reviews the current understanding of the pathogenesis, laboratory characteristics, differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies of anemia of chronic disease. Special attention is given to the distinction between ACD and iron deficiency anemia, since these conditions may coexist and create diagnostic difficulty. The reviewed evidence shows that accurate diagnosis requires combined interpretation of hemoglobin levels, ferritin, transferrin saturation, inflammatory markers, and the clinical background of the patient. Management of ACD is primarily based on treatment of the underlying disease, while iron therapy and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents may be used in selected cases. A better understanding of inflammation-driven iron dysregulation, especially the role of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, may improve future diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE: PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES LINGUISTIC INTERPRETATION OF MYTHONYMS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF FOLKLORE: LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND ETHNOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This article studies the linguistic nature of the concept of mythonym, their cross-linguistic semantic development and their place in folklore linguistics. The process of transformation of mythonyms into anthroponyms and cognate nouns, as well as their lexical-semantic and pragmatic features on the example of Uzbek and Khorezm folklore, is highlighted. The article provides a comparative analysis of the role of mythonyms in word formation and their etymological roots.
THE MANIFESTATION OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN REAL COMMUNICATION
This article explores the manifestation of cultural differences in real communication, focusing on how linguistic, pragmatic, and sociocultural factors shape interaction across diverse cultural contexts. Drawing on key concepts from intercultural communication and sociolinguistics, the study analyzes how values, norms, and communication styles influence meaning-making, interpretation, and mutual understanding. Particular attention is paid to differences in verbal and nonverbal behavior, including speech acts, politeness strategies, context dependence (high-context vs. low-context cultures), and the role of implicit versus explicit communication. The findings highlight the importance of developing intercultural communicative competence in a globalized world, where successful interaction increasingly depends on the ability to navigate cultural diversity.
Karimov Turgunboy Komiljonovich,Maxmudova Komila Sobirjanovna
FOREIGN EXPERIENCES IN SAVING MANAGEMENT AND NON-PRODUCTION COSTS OF THE ENTERPRISE
This article examines in detail the foreign experience of optimizing and saving management and non-production costs in enterprises. In particular, modern management approaches used in the activities of enterprises in developed countries, including “lean management”, “outsourcing”, and mechanisms for reducing costs through the introduction of digital technologies and automation of processes, are analyzed. It also highlights best practices for effective control of management costs, efficient use of resources, and reduction of unnecessary administrative expenses. The article also examines the possibilities of adapting foreign experiences to the activities of national enterprises and justifies the importance of these approaches in increasing economic efficiency.
Umurzakova Zamira Salijanovna,Berkinboyev Sherzodbek
SEMANTIC AND LITERAL APPROACHES IN INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR TRAINING
This article examines semantic and literal approaches in interpreter and translator training, focusing on their theoretical foundations, methodological applications, and pedagogical implications. Drawing on established translation theories and empirical studies, the paper analyzes how these approaches influence translation quality, accuracy, and communicative effectiveness. The study highlights the role of semantic translation in conveying meaning and contextual nuances, while literal translation emphasizes structural fidelity to the source text. The research further explores how combining both approaches contributes to the development of professional competence in translators and interpreters. The findings are based on recognized scholarly works in translation studies and linguistics.
IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FISHERIES PLACE OF WORLD COUNTRIES
This article describes fish products produced by foreign countries and their place in the global economy, as well as the main trends in industry development and key criteria for management mechanisms.
THE SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE OF MIRZO ULUGBEK AND THE ROLE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE CIVILIZATION OF THE EASTERN RENAISSANCE
This article comprehensively analyzes the scientific and political activities of Mirzo Ulugbek, a prominent figure of the medieval Eastern Renaissance. The scientific significance of the scholar's research in the field of astronomy and mathematics, in particular, the activities of the Samarkand Observatory and the work "Zij-i-Jadid-i Kuragani," is revealed. It also highlights Ulugbek's enlightenment policy as a statesman and his contributions to the development of science and education. As a result of the research, it is substantiated that the activities of Mirzo Ulugbek were an important stage in the rise of Eastern scientific thought.
APPLICATION OF INTERACTIVE METHODS IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations, pedagogical essence, and practical effectiveness of the use of interactive methods in the preschool education system. The impact of interactive methods on the intellectual (cognitive), social, and emotional development of children is examined based on the achievements of modern pedagogical and psychological sciences. A comparative analysis between traditional and interactive methods is conducted, and the effectiveness of active teaching methods is substantiated through statistical indicators. The findings demonstrate that interactive methods serve as an essential pedagogical tool in fostering independent thinking, problem-solving abilities, creativity, and communicative competencies in children.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF FORMING STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
This article examines the technologies for developing critical thinking skills in primary school students. It highlights the importance of critical thinking in modern education and analyzes pedagogical methods, interactive approaches, and innovative strategies that contribute to its development. The role of the teacher, learning environment, and practical activities in fostering students’ independent thinking, analytical abilities, and reasoning skills are also discussed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE LIVER AFTER MINI-GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY
Obesity and related metabolic disorders, particularly fatty liver disease, are among the most pressing problems of modern medicine. Mini-gastric bypass surgery is considered one of the effective methods for weight reduction and has a positive impact on metabolic processes. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of structural (steatosis, fibrosis) and functional (biochemical parameters) changes in the liver after surgery.
Xayitov Ilhom Baxodirovich, O’tkirov Mirziyod Mirsaidovich
FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION METHODS IN PATIENTS WITH MAXILLARY SINUS CYSTS
Background: Maxillary sinus cysts are common radiologic findings, but only a subset of lesions is associated with clinically meaningful sinonasal dysfunction. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of functional examination methods in 120 patients with maxillary sinus cysts and to identify the most informative battery for clinical assessment and treatment planning. Methods: This modeled clinical study included 120 patients with CT- or CBCT-confirmed maxillary sinus cysts. Functional assessment consisted of visual analogue scale scoring, SNOT-22, peak nasal inspiratory flow, active anterior rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, psychophysical smell testing, saccharin transit time, and nasal endoscopy. Results: Mean VAS scores were 4.8 ± 2.1 for nasal obstruction, 4.1 ± 2.0 for facial pressure, and 3.2 ± 2.3 for smell disturbance. Mean SNOT-22 was 34.6 ± 15.8, mean PNIF was 95.7 ± 22.4 L/min, and mean bilateral rhinomanometric resistance was 0.34 ± 0.09 Pa/cm³/s. Symptomatic patients demonstrated significantly worse SNOT-22, lower PNIF, higher resistance, smaller minimal cross-sectional area, longer saccharin transit time, and more frequent olfactory dysfunction than minimally symptomatic patients. Conclusion: Functional evaluation of maxillary sinus cysts should be multimodal. The most informative core battery combines symptom scores, SNOT-22, PNIF, smell testing, and endoscopic correlation, with rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and mucociliary clearance testing used selectively.
Djurayev J.A., Muhiddinov A.I., Soatov I.O.
IMPLEMENTATION OF TELEMEDICINE IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF MAXILLARY SINUS CYSTS
Background: Telemedicine has become a durable adjunct in rhinology, otorhinolaryngology, and oral-maxillofacial care, yet its practical role in patients with maxillary sinus cysts remains insufficiently standardized. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a hybrid telemedicine pathway for the diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up of patients with maxillary sinus cysts. Methods: A modeled comparative cohort of 120 patients was organized into a standard-care group (n=60) and a telemedicine-supported pathway group (n=60). The telemedicine model included remote triage, structured image review of CT/CBCT data, virtual multidisciplinary consultation, digital preoperative counselling, and remote postoperative surveillance. Results: The telemedicine pathway shortened the time to specialist review from 11.8 ± 3.6 to 4.9 ± 1.8 days and reduced the time to final treatment decision from 16.2 ± 4.9 to 8.1 ± 2.7 days. The mean number of face-to-face visits before definitive management decreased from 2.3 ± 0.7 to 1.2 ± 0.5. Patient satisfaction increased from 78.6 ± 8.9 to 91.8 ± 5.7 points, while adherence to postoperative irrigation improved from 71.7% to 91.7%. Conclusion: A hybrid telemedicine pathway can improve access, accelerate decision-making, reduce unnecessary hospital visits, and support postoperative monitoring in selected patients with maxillary sinus cysts.
STIGMATIZATION AND PRESTIGE OF DIALECTAL UNITS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
This article examines the sociolinguistic nature of dialectal units in Uzbek and English, focusing on their stigmatization and prestige levels within speech communities. The study analyzes how dialects function as markers of social identity, how certain varieties acquire prestige, and how others become stigmatized. The research relies on comparative analysis and empirical sociolinguistic findings, demonstrating that both Uzbek and English dialects reflect social stratification, cultural values, and power relations. The article concludes that dialect stigmatization is socially constructed rather than linguistically justified.
THE USE OF SPECIAL SPEECH THERAPY METHODS AND TECHNIQUES AIMED AT CORRECTING SPEECH DEFECTS IN CHILDREN.
This article discusses the correction of general and speech defects in children. It is highlighted that it should be comprehensive and multifaceted, and that modern methods should be used to correct children with speech disorders. It is highlighted that special attention should be paid to stimulating the development of fine motor skills in children with speech disorders, and that the level of development of children's speech is directly related to the level of acceleration of fine motor skills.
SPECIAL EDUCATION DIDACTIC BASICS , EDUCATION CONTENT EDUCATION PRINCIPLES
This in the article Educational principles are the primary factors that determine the essence of teaching, all aspects of education: content, methods, organizational forms. In pedagogy, educational principles are inextricably linked with upbringing ,taking into account the characteristics of students' educational activities based on psychological and pedagogical teachings. Education in a special school is also carried out on the basis of didactic principles. It is considered that the didactic principles developed in pedagogy are implemented in special schools taking into account the psychophysical development characteristics of mentally retarded students.
Nabiyeva Asiabegim Nurillo kizi, Umarova Sabaxon Minavvarovna
STAGES OF FORMING ANTHROPOCENTRIC APPROACH OF PRIMARY STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION
The article provides information about the purpose, objectives, and stages of implementing this process in the process of inclusive education of primary school students based on an anthropocentric approach.
TRANSFORMATION OF HUMANITARIAN EDUCATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF DIGITAL CIVILIZATIONS AND THE ISSUE OF ATTITUDE TO IT
This article addresses the issue of defining the place and role of humanitarian education in the process of forming and developing digital civilizations. Today, the global application of digital technologies, especially in the field of education, is leading to significant transformations. Humanitarian education, as the foundation of humanity’s cultural, moral, and social development, is setting new goals and objectives within the process of integration with digital technologies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHONETICS IN LINGUISTIC SCIENCE
Present research stresses that the study of modification of phonemes is of great importance as they are frequently found in connected speech in English and Uzbek languages. Besides that, being aware of modifications of sounds in speech a learner will have less difficulty in communication with native speakers of English. Moreover, teaching English as a foreign language has become one of the most important parts of schooling as English as a school subject. The study of pronunciation norms of English has great importance for learning English as a foreign language.
DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICISM IN EUROPEAN LITERATURE
In this article reflects the history of English literature, the Restoration period occupies a significant place due to its remarkable transformations in literary genres, aesthetic principles, and artistic expression. One of the most influential literary figures of this period is John Dryden, whose works greatly contributed to the development of English drama, poetry, and literary criticism. Dryden’s heroic dramas, characterized by elevated language, heroic themes, and complex emotional conflicts, represent an important stage in the evolution of English classical literature.
THE IMPACT OF PROJECT-BASED AND STARTUP-ORIENTED LEARNING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
This study investigates the impact of project-based learning (PBL) and startup-oriented pedagogy on the development of entrepreneurial competencies among university students. In the context of rapid economic transformation and increasing demand for innovation-driven skills, higher education institutions are required to move beyond traditional teaching methods and adopt experiential learning approaches. The research employs a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis of competency development with qualitative insights from student reflections and instructor observations. The findings indicate that students exposed to PBL and startup-oriented learning demonstrate significantly higher levels of initiative, risk assessment ability, creativity, and problem-solving skills compared to those in traditional learning environments. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on entrepreneurship education by providing empirical evidence from an emerging economy context and offering pedagogical recommendations for curriculum design.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ СИЛОВЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ У БОРЦОВ
В данной статье проводится научный анализ теоретических основ развития силовых способностей у борцов, их физиологических механизмов, структуры тренировочного процесса, возрастных и квалификационных особенностей, современных средств подготовки, а также их взаимосвязи с соревновательной деятельностью. Подробно освещается роль силовых качеств в борьбе, методика их развития и критерии эффективности. Результаты исследования имеют важное значение для совершенствования системы подготовки спортсменов.
DYNAMICS OF FINANCIAL MARKETS AND RISK MANAGEMENT MODELS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic nature of financial markets and the application of modern risk management models. It explores the fundamental drivers of market fluctuations, sources of uncertainty, and advanced quantitative approaches used to measure and mitigate financial risks. The study highlights the importance of integrating statistical, mathematical, and economic frameworks to enhance financial stability and decision-making under uncertainty.
Egamberdiyev Ozodbek, Saydullayev Yusufjon, Iskandarov Bekzod Abdijalilovich
PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS BASED ON ACID ACTIVATION OF LOW-ACTIVITY PHOSPHATE RAW MATERIALS
This paper examines the technology for producing phosphorus fertilizers using acid activation of low-activity phosphate raw materials. The influence of acid type, its concentration, and processing regime on the availability of phosphorus in the final product was studied. It is shown that optimal processing parameters significantly increase the content of soluble phosphorus (P₂O₅), which can improve the efficiency of the fertilizers. The results allow recommending the proposed technology for industrial application.
Ergashev Mahmudjon Mamadjanovich,Sodikova Sevarahon Mahmudjon kizi
ECOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE POPULATION LIVING IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF THE FERGANA REGION
This study presents a comprehensive ecological and hygienic assessment of the health status of the population residing in the industrial zones of the Fergana region, Uzbekistan. The Fergana Valley, one of the most densely populated territories in Central Asia, contains a substantial concentration of petroleum refining, chemical manufacturing, metallurgical, and textile enterprises whose combined environmental emissions have raised significant public health concerns over several decades.
Mamaroziqova Irodabonu Ilhomjon qizi,Ashurova Manzura Djaloldinovna
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF THE GREEN ECONOMY
This article systematically analyzes the formation of the green economy, its theoretical foundations and modern development trends. The study substantiates the relevance of the green economy concept in the context of global environmental problems, in particular, climate change, limited natural resources and environmental degradation. It also highlights important areas of increasing energy efficiency, using renewable energy sources, reducing emissions and introducing "green" technologies in the process of greening the economy. The article analyzes the mechanisms of transition to a green economy, specific aspects of state policy and institutional approaches based on the experience of developed and developing countries. At the same time, the role of innovation, investment and environmental management in ensuring sustainable development is revealed. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of the green economy not only in maintaining ecological balance, but also in ensuring economic growth and social well-being.
Turgʻunov Jasurbek Alimardon oʻgʻli,Khujanazarova Fotimaxon Ma’ruf qizi,Khujanazarova Zuhraxon Ma’ruf qizi
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON FICTION: TRENDS, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND ARTISTIC STRATEGIES
The article examines the impact of globalization processes on the development of contemporary fiction. The main directions of transformation of the literary process under conditions of global cultural interaction are analyzed, including changes in thematic scope, genre forms, artistic language, and authorial self-consciousness. Special attention is paid to the correlation between national literary traditions and universal cultural codes. The article concludes that globalization has a dual nature, acting simultaneously as a factor that expands the artistic potential of literature and as a source of threats to the preservation of national identity.
Nabiyev Bekzod Mukhammadumarovich,Fayzullaeva Khurshida Erkinzhanovna
FUNCTIONAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF LEXICAL DIFFERENCES
This article investigates the multifaceted nature of lexical differences, moving beyond mere semantic variation to explore their profound functional and social implications. It examines how seemingly synonymous terms often carry distinct pragmatic functions, enabling nuanced communication within specific contexts and registers. Furthermore, the study delves into the social dimensions, analyzing how lexical choices can signal group identity, social status, or cultural affiliation, thereby shaping interpersonal dynamics and societal perceptions. By integrating linguistic analysis with sociolinguistic perspectives, this research illuminates the intricate interplay between language structure and social practice. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for comprehending the full communicative power and social embeddedness of human language.
Abduraimova Bahora Oybek qizi,Taylakov Ulug‘bek
THE CONCEPT AND TYPES OF DOMESTIC (FAMILY) VIOLENCE
This article examines the concept and types of domestic (family) violence within the framework of modern legal and social sciences. Domestic violence is analyzed as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon closely related to human rights, gender equality, and social stability. The study explores various theoretical approaches, including legal, sociological, psychological, and gender perspectives, highlighting their role in understanding the nature and causes of domestic violence. Particular attention is paid to the “power and control” model, which explains violence as a mechanism of domination rather than a simple interpersonal conflict.
THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUSTICE AND LEGALITY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL TRUST
This article explores the interrelationship between justice and legality as a significant factor in the formation of social trust. Social trust is viewed as an important socio-political value that contributes to social stability and development. The study argues that legality ensures order and legal certainty, while justice provides fairness, impartiality, and respect for human dignity. It is emphasized that trust in public institutions depends not only on the existence of laws but also on their fair implementation in practice. The findings show that equality before the law, judicial independence, transparency, and accountability are essential for strengthening social trust. The article concludes that the harmony between justice and legality is a necessary condition for the development of legal culture, social stability, and a strong civil society.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS IN UZBEK AND TURKISH LANGUAGES IN OUR SPEECH
This article is devoted to the issues of translating phrases in Turkish and Uzbek languages that have similar pronunciation but different meanings. The article discusses four or five Turkish expressions. It explains the meanings of these expressions using explanatory dictionaries and analyzes them with examples. The main focus of the article is the correct translation of Turkish phrases into Uzbek.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This paper proposes a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between creative technologies and communicative competence development among EFL learners. Despite growing empirical evidence for the positive effects of digital storytelling, game-based learning, podcast and vlog production, mind-mapping, and simulation on language learning outcomes, the field lacks a coherent theoretical account of the mechanisms producing these effects. Drawing on communicative language teaching theory, Vygotskian sociocultural theory, self-determination theory, and multimodal literacy research, the paper argues that creative technologies develop communicative competence through four interconnected mechanisms: authentic communicative engagement, affective facilitation, multimodal scaffolding, and reflective self-monitoring. The framework provides a principled basis for designing creative technology interventions and selecting appropriate outcome measures in EFL research.
MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN FORECASTING: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LINEAR REGRESSION, RANDOM FOREST, AND XGBOOST
Forecasting plays a crucial role in various domains such as finance, healthcare, energy, and economics. With the advancement of machine learning techniques, predictive accuracy has significantly improved compared to traditional statistical methods. This study presents a comparative analysis of three widely used machine learning algorithms—Linear Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost—in forecasting tasks. Using benchmark datasets and standardized evaluation metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R² score, the performance of each algorithm is analyzed. The results demonstrate that ensemble-based models outperform linear models in capturing complex nonlinear relationships, while linear regression remains effective for interpretable and low-variance datasets.
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article examines the role of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in improving the quality of foreign language teaching in military educational institutions. The study is based on the analysis of modern scientific literature and international analytical materials devoted to military language education, digital transformation, and AI-assisted language learning. The results show that digital technologies contribute to the flexibility, continuity, and accessibility of the educational process, while artificial intelligence enhances the personalization of learning, accelerates feedback, and supports the development of speaking, writing, and professional communication skills. Particular attention is paid to the specific features of foreign language training in military education, including the acquisition of specialized terminology, the modeling of professional communication situations, and preparation for international cooperation. The article concludes that the successful implementation of artificial intelligence and digital technologies in military foreign language education requires pedagogically grounded integration, teacher training, ethical regulation, and institutional support.
THE POETIC STYLE OF SONNETWRITERS RAUF PARFI AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
This article examines the poetic styles of Rauf Parfi and William Shakespeare by comparing their sonnets. It looks at important aspects such as imagery, symbolism, language, rhythm, and themes, pointing out both similarities and differences in how they write. Shakespeare’s sonnets mainly focus on universal ideas like love, time, and mortality, and they follow a strict poetic structure. In contrast, Rauf Parfi’s poetry has a more modern and lyrical tone, often reflecting national identity, cultural elements, and deep philosophical thoughts. The article shows that even though the two poets lived in different times and wrote in different traditions, both of them skillfully use metaphors and express strong emotions. It also explains how Parfi adapts the traditional Western sonnet form and reshapes it to fit Uzbek literature, contributing to its development. The study highlights the value of comparing different literary traditions, showing how connections between Eastern and Western poetry can deepen our understanding of literature and creativity.
ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL SOURCES ON THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TIMURID DYNASTY AND THE MING DYNASTY
When studying the relations between Amir Temur and the Timurid dynasty with China, Chinese written sources are of great importance. Among them is the «Ming shi» (明史) history of the Ming dynasty, «Ming hui yao » (明会要) a collection of important information about the Ming Dynasty, « Ming shilu » (明实录) the authentic records of the Ming dynasty, as well as « "Siyu fangozhi » (西域番国志)it includes records about the western regions and foreign countries. Relying solely on written sources is not sufficient to fully and comprehensively analyze these relations. At the same time, it is also of great importance to involve material sources — works of art, archaeological finds, and other tangible evidence. Studying them allows for supplementing the information contained in written sources and reconstructing a completer and more objective picture of the diplomatic, cultural, and artistic connections between the dynasties.
MEASURES TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SALINATED SOILS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LUFFER-RHIZOBIUM SYMBIOSIS OF ALFA
This review article analyzes the measures used to restore the fertility of saline soils and the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and soil properties improvement by alfalfa through legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Based on scientific sources, the mechanisms of improving the properties of saline soils, salt tolerance of legumes, rhizobacteria reducing soil salts and stimulating plant growth were studied. Studies show that alfalfa improves the amelioration of soils, reduces salinity, and reduces the level of groundwater in the surface layer. This property of alfalfa is associated with a strongly developed root system. Alfalfa accumulates 300-400 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha of area for 3 years.
Normatova Kholid Ravshanbek kizi,Ruzimov Jumanazar
DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN UZBEKISTAN
In this article, we examine the development and implementation of digital marketing strategies in the context of Uzbekistan's economic transformation. We analyze current digitalization trends, including the development of internet technologies, social media, and e-commerce platforms, as well as their impact on consumer behavior and the competitive landscape. Particular attention is paid to digital marketing tools such as targeted advertising, content marketing, SEO optimization, and big data analytics.
FORMING PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ TEXT COMPREHENSION AND ANALYTICAL SKILLS BASED ON THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL PIRLS ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
This article examines the theoretical foundations of the PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) program and its role in developing reading literacy among primary school students. The study analyzes the possibilities of using PIRLS-based tasks to improve students’ reading comprehension, critical thinking, and analytical skills. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were applied, including observation, testing, and analysis. The findings indicate that implementing PIRLS methodologies in the classroom enhances students’ ability to understand texts deeply, draw conclusions, and express their opinions effectively. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of modern teaching approaches, teacher training, and integration of international assessment standards into the national education system.
EXPRESSIVENESS AND FUNCTIONAL-STYLISTIC COLOR IN SYNONYMIC PHRASES IN THE UZBEK AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES
The article highlights the function of using synonymous phrases in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages and the characteristics of the stylistic coloring expressed in them.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH GENRES IN TRANSLATIONS
In this article, information about the classification of speech genres in translations between non-fraternal nations, finding alternatives in the general context, and their effective use is analyzed. A specific word depends on various factors in the communication situation. The translator should be aware of the meanings of the words depending on the situation. Words express attitudes and feelings.
NATIONALITY OF GENERAL HUMAN FEELINGS IN TRANSLATIONS
The article examines the national characteristics of Paulo Coelho's "The Alchemist" and Isajon Sultan's "Ozod". The events and philosophy of both works are close to each other. The dreams of the main characters and the images of the journey are similar. Therefore, the symbolic meanings in the images, in the method of expressing ideas, in the materials revealing the subject, and in some artistic details were compared and analyzed from the point of view of nationality. This is it the role and importance of the novels "The Alchemist" and "Ozod" in the education of a well-rounded person are revealed in the work. In addition, the artistic skills and unique styles of writers have been studied.
MODERN TRENDS IN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND ITS IMPACT ON ENTERPRISE EFFICIENCY UNDER DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
This study examines modern trends in management accounting and their impact on enterprise efficiency in the context of digital transformation and increasing global competition. The relevance of the research is driven by the growing need for high-quality information to support effective managerial decision-making in dynamic economic environments. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations and evolutionary stages of management accounting, as well as its modern directions, using a systematic and comparative approach. Particular attention is given to the role of management accounting in cost optimization, resource allocation, and strategic decision-making. The results indicate that the development of management accounting systems significantly enhances enterprise performance by improving cost control, increasing operational efficiency, and supporting long-term strategic planning. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies into management accounting systems strengthens analytical capabilities and decision-making processes. The findings of this study have practical implications for improving management accounting systems and increasing the efficiency of enterprise management in modern economic conditions.
ENHANCING FINANCIAL STABILITY THROUGH ISLAMIC FINANCE: A RISK-SHARING AND INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
The growing instability of the global financial system has intensified the need for alternative financial models capable of ensuring resilience, sustainability, and equitable risk distribution. In this context, Islamic finance has gained increasing attention as a distinct financial paradigm grounded in risk-sharing principles, asset-backed transactions, and ethical governance. This study aims to examine the role of Islamic finance in enhancing financial stability through a combined risk-sharing and institutional approach. The research employs a mixed-method methodology, integrating theoretical analysis with empirical insights from emerging and developing economies. The study focuses on key Islamic financial instruments, including profit-and-loss sharing contracts (mudarabah and musharakah), and evaluates their impact on financial system stability compared to conventional interest-based mechanisms. The findings indicate that Islamic financial institutions demonstrate greater resilience during periods of economic stress due to their lower leverage, reduced exposure to speculative activities, and stronger linkage to real economic assets. Furthermore, the study incorporates an institutional perspective, emphasizing the role of regulatory quality, Sharia governance, and legal frameworks in shaping the effectiveness of Islamic finance. The results suggest that well-developed institutional environments significantly enhance the stabilizing potential of Islamic financial systems. In addition, the paper explores the implications of digital transformation, highlighting how fintech innovations such as blockchain, smart contracts, and open banking can facilitate the scalability and transparency of Islamic financial services. The study contributes to the literature by proposing an integrated analytical framework that combines risk-sharing and institutional theory, offering practical policy recommendations for regulators and financial institutions aiming to strengthen financial stability through Islamic finance.
PERSONAL INFORMATION SECURITY AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF OUR TIME
This article presents views on the importance of security today, which are often used in the study of emergency situations, situations dangerous to humans, and issues related to security culture, taking into account methods of security.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECOTOURISM TERMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK: TRANSLATION AND EQUIVALENCE ISSUES
Ecotourism has expanded rapidly as a global practice and as a policy discourse, producing a dense network of specialized terms related to conservation, visitor management, community benefits, and sustainable mobility. Because English dominates international tourism communication, many ecotourism concepts enter other languages through translation, borrowing, or hybridization. In Uzbek, the growth of the ecotourism sector and environmental communication has intensified the need for terminological clarity, consistency, and functional equivalence—especially in legislation, destination branding, guide training, and academic writing. This article examines ecotourism terminology in English and Uzbek with a focus on translation and equivalence issues. Using a cognitive-semantic and terminological perspective, the study analyzes (i) structural types of ecotourism terms (single-word, compounds, multiword units, and acronym-based units), (ii) dominant equivalence relations (full, partial, and zero equivalence), and (iii) translation strategies used to render English terms into Uzbek (borrowing, calque, descriptive translation, functional substitution, and mixed strategies). The results show that the most frequent difficulty arises from multiword English terms with embedded conceptual relations (e.g., management, impact, and ethics frameworks) that do not map neatly onto Uzbek phrase structure without either explicitation or restructuring. Partial equivalence is common where Uzbek uses broader, culturally familiar concepts (e.g., tabiat turizmi) while English distinguishes narrower categories. The discussion proposes a practical guideline set for translators, lexicographers, and tourism stakeholders to standardize term formation, reduce ambiguity, and preserve communicative function across genres.
This paper examines the essence of the public finance system, its structural components, and its role in a market economy. Concepts such as the state budget, extra-budgetary funds, and public credit are analyzed. Furthermore, the significance of fiscal policy in ensuring macroeconomic stability and issues related to increasing the efficiency of public expenditures are highlighted.
ASSOCIATION OF SOD2 (ALA16VAL), GPX4 (C718T), AND COL1A1 (C1997A) GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH GOUTY NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH GOUT
Gouty nephropathy is one of the most important renal complications of gout. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling play an important role in its development. Therefore, candidate genes involved in antioxidant defense and connective tissue metabolism may influence susceptibility to renal involvement in patients with gout. To evaluate the association of SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) gene polymorphisms with gouty nephropathy in patients with gout. A case-control study included 186 individuals. The control group consisted of 96 healthy subjects. Ninety patients with gout were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 45 patients with gout without gouty nephropathy, and Group 2 included 45 patients with gouty nephropathy. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) polymorphisms were compared between the clinical groups and the control group. Statistical analysis included χ² test, odds ratio (OR), and p values. The strongest associations were observed for the SOD2 Ala16Val polymorphism in patients with gouty nephropathy. In Group 2, the Ala allele showed a protective association (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=0.34), whereas the Val allele was associated with increased risk (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=2.95). The Ala/Ala genotype also demonstrated a protective effect (χ²=5.26; p=0.022; OR=0.38), while the Val/Val genotype was associated with a markedly increased risk of nephropathy (χ²=5.52; p=0.019; OR=9.27). For GPX4 C718T, significant differences in Group 2 were found for the C allele (χ²=4.00; p=0.045; OR=0.60) and T allele (χ²=4.00; p=0.045; OR=1.67), while genotype-level associations were not statistically significant. For COL1A1 C1997A, Group 2 showed a lower frequency of the C allele (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=0.34), a higher frequency of the A allele (χ²=8.81; p=0.003; OR=2.95), a protective effect of the C/C genotype (χ²=5.26; p=0.022; OR=0.38), and a significant association of the A/A genotype with nephropathy risk (χ²=5.52; p=0.019; OR=9.27). The results indicate that SOD2 (Ala16Val), GPX4 (C718T), and COL1A1 (C1997A) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to gouty nephropathy in patients with gout, with the strongest association observed for SOD2 Ala16Val. These findings support the potential role of molecular genetic markers in identifying gout patients at increased risk of renal involvement.
Rakhmatov Avazbek Mamat ugli, Jabbarov Ozimbay Otakhanovich
ROLE OF KIM-1, CYSTATIN C, AND MICROALBUMINURIA AS EARLY MARKERS OF GOUTY NEPHROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH GOUT
Early detection of renal injury in patients with gout remains an important clinical problem, since conventional indicators do not always reflect subclinical kidney damage. Biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), cystatin C, and microalbuminuria (MAU), together with glomerular filtration rate (GFR), may improve early diagnosis of gouty nephropathy. To assess the diagnostic significance of KIM-1, cystatin C, microalbuminuria, and glomerular filtration rate in the early detection of gouty nephropathy in patients with gout. A total of 186 individuals were included in the study. The control group consisted of 96 healthy subjects. The patient cohort comprised 90 patients with gout and was divided into two groups: Group 1 included 45 patients with gout without gouty nephropathy, and Group 2 included 45 patients with gouty nephropathy. Serum creatinine, cystatin C, urinary KIM-1, microalbuminuria, and GFR were assessed. GFR was estimated using creatinine-based, cystatin C-based, and combined creatinine/cystatin C approaches. Statistical significance was assessed relative to the control group and between the two patient groups. KIM-1, cystatin C, and MAU levels progressively increased from the control group to Group 1 and were highest in Group 2. KIM-1 increased from 0.3 in controls to 1.0 in Group 1 and 2.6 in Group 2. Cystatin C increased from 0.6 to 0.95 and 1.35, respectively. MAU increased from 15 in controls to 28 in Group 1 and 130 in Group 2. Serum creatinine also rose progressively (70, 85, and 119, respectively). In contrast, GFR declined across the groups. Creatinine-based GFR decreased from 114 in controls to 96 in Group 1 and 58 in Group 2. Cystatin C-based GFR declined from 112 to 93 and 52, while combined creatinine/cystatin C GFR decreased from 112 to 93 and 56, respectively. The most pronounced abnormalities were observed in patients with gouty nephropathy. KIM-1, cystatin C, and microalbuminuria are informative early markers of renal injury in patients with gout. Their increase, together with a progressive decline in GFR, reflects the development and progression of gouty nephropathy. Combined assessment of these parameters may improve early diagnosis and risk stratification in patients with gout.
TESOL-ALIGNED LESSON PLANNING FOR INTEGRATED LANGUAGE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
This article describes a Grade 8 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom in Uzbekistan, aligned with TESOL Standards 1 and 2, and presents a lesson plan focused on environmental responsibility. The learners, aged 13–14, have limited English proficiency (IELTS Band 3–4) and are primarily exposed to English within the classroom. While they can understand simple texts and produce basic sentences, they face challenges with fluency, pronunciation, and organizing ideas in writing. The classroom emphasizes structured, teacher-guided instruction with differentiated support to meet diverse learning needs. The lesson plan integrates reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through the theme of environmental awareness, encouraging students to identify eco-friendly actions, comprehend environmental messages, and produce short written responses. Instructional strategies include visual aids, sentence starters, guided practice, and interactive speaking tasks to build confidence and language competence. Overall, the approach aims to enhance students’ communicative abilities while fostering awareness of environmental responsibility.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MOST PRODUCTIVE AFFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PHYSICS TERMS
The morphological productivity of affixes, especially suffixes and prefixes, in Uzbek and English physics lexicons is analyzed and compared in this article. In a specialized field like physics, productivity is the extent to which a morphological process may produce new concepts. We show both similarities and differences by combining examples from scientific vocabulary formation with insights from morphological studies of English and Uzbek languages. Affixation patterns in English scientific terminology (e.g., -logy, -meter) and their equivalents or analogies in Uzbek physics words (e.g., -lik, -chi) are specifically examined. The findings shed light on typological distinctions, semantic transparency, and consequences for computational linguistics, scientific communication, and education.
LIFE WITHOUT THE INTERNET WOULD IT MAKE OUR LIVES BETTER OR WORSE?
This article examines whether life without the Internet would make our lives better or worse, based on classroom observations made by a teacher at a Khamid Olimjon and Zulfiya creative school in Jizzakh. Through daily interaction with students, the author observes how deeply the Internet influences learners’ study habits, communication styles, creativity, and attention spans. The paper reflects on both the advantages and the hidden drawbacks of constant online access, including dependence on digital resources, reduced face-to-face communication, and shortened concentration. At the same time, it considers how the Internet supports independent learning, global awareness, and access to authentic educational materials. By comparing students’ behavior during online and offline activities, the article explores whether removing the Internet would improve focus, social interaction, and critical thinking, or limit opportunities for growth and knowledge. The study concludes that while the Internet is an essential educational tool, balanced and mindful use is necessary to prevent overreliance and to preserve meaningful human interaction and deep learning.
Alimova Dilnoza Hamid qizi, Raxmonqulova Madina Rahmatulla qizi
JOLLY PHONICS AS AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING CHILDREN’S ENGLISH LITERACY
In today’s globalized world, English literacy has become a fundamental requirement for children’s academic success and social participation. Developing strong early literacy skills is essential, as it lays the foundation for lifelong learning. Among various approaches, Jolly Phonics has emerged as an effective and engaging method for teaching reading and writing to young learners. However, despite its popularity, challenges such as limited teacher training and lack of resources still hinder its widespread implementation. This study aims to examine how Jolly Phonics can be effectively applied to enhance children’s English literacy skills. A descriptive qualitative research design was employed, and the study was conducted in a bilingual kindergarten in Denpasar, Bali. Data were collected through classroom observations, documentation, and interviews with an experienced teacher. The findings indicate that the teacher successfully implemented the five key skills of Jolly Phonics: learning letter sounds, letter formation, blending for reading, identifying sounds for writing, and teaching tricky words. These skills were delivered through multisensory techniques, including visual, auditory, and kinesthetic activities. The results demonstrate that Jolly Phonics significantly improves children’s reading, writing, and overall literacy abilities. The study concludes that with proper planning and teacher support, Jolly Phonics can be a powerful tool in early childhood education.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMIC AND CARDIAC MANIFESTATIONS OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN CHILDREN
An analysis of modern data on the prevalence and causes of the formation of mitral valve prolapse in children is carried out. Cardiac and extracardial manifestations of mitral valve prolapse are described. The results of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic examination of children are presented. The most frequent phenotypic manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia in children with mitral valve prolapse were identified.
METHODOLOGY OF OPTIMIZING THE COGNITIVE LOAD OF STUDENTS BASED ON NEUROPEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article analyzes the method of optimizing the cognitive load of students based on the use of neuropedagogical approaches and artificial intelligence technologies. In the study, the specific characteristics of human brain activity, mechanisms of information reception, processing and storage during the educational process are highlighted from the point of view of neuropedagogy. Also, with the help of artificial intelligence-based adaptive teaching systems, the possibilities of creating an educational environment suitable for students' level of knowledge, learning rate and individual characteristics will be considered. As a conclusion, it has been proved that by introducing innovative technologies into the educational process, it is possible to effectively manage the cognitive load and increase the educational efficiency.
GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PRONOUNS IN UZBEK AND FRENCH HISTORICAL SOURCES
This article examines the grammatical features of pronouns in Uzbek and French historical sources. Their morphological and syntactic characteristics, as well as their historical development in written sources, are examined. Particular attention is paid to comparative analysis, which allows us to identify typological similarities and differences between the two languages. The results of the study show that the structure of pronouns is closely related to the general type of language and its historical development.
Madina Tursunova, Serik Kudaybergenovich Ivatov
PHRASEOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN INTERNET DISCOURSE: FUNCTIONAL AND NORMATIVE ASPECTS
The article examines the processes of phraseological innovation in modern Russian-language and Internet discourse from the perspective of functional and normative analysis. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of transformation of traditional phraseological units, as well as the formation of new stable expressions in the context of digital communication. The article analyzes the functions of phraseological innovations (evaluative, expressive, ironic, identification), their role in the formation of a network linguistic personality and a collective picture of the world. The problem of the relationship between usage and norm is considered, as well as the prospects for codification of new phraseological units. The research material was the texts of Internet communication: comments, memes, posts on social networks and demotivators.
Ilyin Denis Nikolaevich, Akhmedova Aziza Husenovna, Turakulova Zarina Mardonkulovna
CROSS-CULTURAL MISUNDERSTANDINGS IN ENGLISH AS A LINGUA FRANCA: CAUSES AND STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION
This article examines cross-cultural misunderstandings in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) communication. With the increasing use of English for international communication, speakers from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds often experience misinterpretations, pragmatic failures, and communication breakdowns. The study analyzes the main causes of misunderstandings, including linguistic differences, cultural norms, and pragmatic conventions. Strategies for reducing misunderstandings are discussed, such as awareness-raising, explicit teaching of ELF pragmatics, intercultural training, and fostering adaptive communication skills. Findings suggest that a combination of pedagogical interventions and cultural sensitivity can enhance effective ELF communication.
Samigova Xushnuda Botirovna, Umarqulova Diyora Sherali kizi
THE ROLE OF BANKING REFORMS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of banking reforms in fostering economic growth in Uzbekistan. In recent years, the country has implemented comprehensive reforms aimed at modernizing the banking sector, strengthening financial stability, and increasing transparency. The study analyzes key reform directions, including the liberalization of interest rates, improvement of corporate governance in banks, expansion of digital banking services, and enhancement of regulatory frameworks. Special attention is given to the impact of these reforms on investment activity, entrepreneurship development, and financial inclusion. The findings indicate that banking reforms have significantly contributed to improving access to financial resources, increasing the efficiency of financial intermediation, and supporting sustainable economic growth. However, the study also identifies existing challenges such as the need for further privatization, risk management improvement, and strengthening competition in the banking sector.
Mansurova Nodira Anvarovna, Aminova Shaxnoza Nodirovna
PHONETIC STRUCTURE OF LOANWORDS IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE
This study explores the phonetic structure of loanwords in English and Uzbek, focusing on how each language integrates foreign lexical items into its phonological system. The research is based on qualitative comparison, highlighting the processes of sound substitution, stress adaptation, and phonotactic adjustment. The findings reveal both languages exhibit distinct strategies shaped by their unique phonological rules and historical influences.
INVERSE PROBLEM SOLUTION FOR THE HEAT EQUATION
This article examines the inverse problem for the heat conduction equation. The primary objective of the research is to develop a method for reconstructing an unknown boundary function based on additional temperature data from an internal point of the object. The Fourier method of separation of variables was applied to solve the problem, which subsequently reduced it to a Volterra integral equation of the second kind. The proposed solution algorithm was numerically implemented in the Python programming language using the trapezoidal rule, and the obtained results were analyzed.
METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING PHYSICS USING TRADITIONAL METHODS WITH THE SUPPORT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article examines the methodological foundations of teaching physics using traditional teaching methods in combination with modern digital technologies. Particular attention is given to the role of reproductive thinking, memory processes, and cognitive engagement in mastering scientific knowledge. The study explores how traditional teaching approaches can be effectively integrated with artificial intelligence technologies to enhance learning effectiveness. Artificial intelligence tools such as adaptive learning systems, intelligent tutoring platforms, and virtual laboratories enable personalized instruction and interactive experimentation. The results demonstrate that combining traditional pedagogical approaches with artificial intelligence technologies significantly improves students’ motivation, cognitive activity, and conceptual understanding of physics.
OPTIMIZATION OF SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION AND STERILIZATION METHODS FOR ENHANCING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF OYSTER MUSHROOM (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) CULTIVATION IN UZBEKISTAN
The increasing demand for oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) in dietary nutrition and their high export potential underscore the importance of optimizing cultivation technologies. This study aims to improve the economic efficiency of oyster mushroom production through the selection of optimal substrate components and sterilization methods. Three experiments were conducted: 1) selection of plant-based substrate components from furniture production waste (poplar, maple), 2) evaluation of autoclaving regimes (1-2 atm, 1-2 hours) and ethylene oxide fumigation on substrate sterilization, and 3) assessment of mycelium viability during storage on various grain substrates (wheat, barley, rye, millet). Results demonstrated that millet provides superior mycelial viability up to 7 months and higher contamination resistance. Ethylene oxide fumigation (1000 mg/m³ for 90 minutes) preserved substrate structure and ensured 100% colonization, increasing yields by 14.3% compared to autoclaved controls. This method reduced contamination by 15%, with stable yields of 3.2 kg per 10 kg substrate. The findings support millet-based substrates and ethylene oxide sterilization as effective solutions for improving the efficiency and sustainability of mushroom production in Uzbekistan.
Nurali Sheraliyevich Yusupov,Gulnoza Karimjon qizi Bozarova
AMIR TEMUR’S STATEHOOD POLICY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS
This article examines the statehood policy of Amir Temur and analyzes its relevance in modern governance systems. Based on historical sources, the study highlights the principles of centralized governance, justice, administrative organization, and legal frameworks established during the Timurid era. The research also evaluates how these principles contribute to contemporary state-building, institutional development, and public administration practices. The findings demonstrate that Amir Temur’s governance model, grounded in justice, strong authority, and consultation, remains a valuable reference for modern political systems.
LINGUO-SEMANTIC AND CULTU RAL INTERPRETATION OF THE HOMELAND CONCEPT IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK INTRODUCTION
This article explores the linguo-semantic and cultural interpretation of the concept of “homeland” in English and Uzbek languages. It aims to identify how this concept is shaped, expressed, and understood within different linguistic and cultural frameworks. The study analyzes lexical units, phraseological expressions, and contextual meanings associated with the notion of homeland in both languages. By applying a comparative and interpretative approach, the research reveals both shared and distinctive features in the conceptualization of homeland. In English, the concept often emphasizes individual belonging, emotional attachment, and national identity, while in Uzbek it is more deeply connected with historical roots, collective memory, spiritual values, and a sense of sacred duty. The findings demonstrate that language serves as a key medium through which cultural values and national identity are encoded and transmitted. This research contributes to the broader field of linguoculturology by highlighting the interplay between language, culture, and cognition in shaping fundamental social concepts.
Alimova Munisa Normurod qizi,Mardiyev Tulkin Kulibayevich
LINGUISTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSING THE HOMELAND CONCEPT IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK PAREMIOLOGY
This article explores the linguocultural and semantic peculiarities of the concept “Homeland” as reflected in the paremiological systems of the English and Uzbek languages. Proverbs and sayings, being the quintessence of folk wisdom, serve as a primary source for revealing a nation’s worldview, national values, and emotional attachment to its territory. The research utilizes comparative-typological and semantic analysis to identify the specific linguistic means - such as metaphors, personification, epithets, and symbolic imagery - used to conceptualize the notion of “motherland” or “home.” The findings indicate that while English paremiology frequently emphasizes the comfort, safety, and privacy of the domestic “home”, Uzbek proverbs elevate the concept of “Vatan” to a sacred status, often associating it with maternal bonds, ancestral soil, and the inherent value of one's birthplace (Vatan ostonadan boshlanadi). This comparative study contributes to the fields of cognitive linguistics and linguoculturology, offering insights into the diverse ways in which linguistic structures encode national identity and patriotic sentiment across different cultures.
Komilova Sabrina Sanjarovna,Mardiyev Tulkin Kulibayevich
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMPOSITION AND COLOR HARMONY IN PAINTING
This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of composition and color harmony in painting. It analyzes the interrelationship between color and composition in the formation of a work of visual art. During the research, the main principles of composition—such as balance, rhythm, contrast, and unity—are examined, and their harmonious interaction with color is discussed. In addition, the fundamental aspects of color theory, including the color wheel, color contrast, the psychological effects of colors, and their role in visual perception, are analyzed on a scientific basis.
POLITENESS EXPRESSIONS IN FORMAL ORAL COMMUNICATION: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON ENGLISH ACADEMIC JOURNALS
This article analyzes politeness expressions used in formal oral communication based on research published in English academic journals. Specifically, it examines recent studies from internationally recognized publications such as the Journal of Politeness Research and the Journal of Pragmatics to explore the pragmatic features of politeness expressions in formal communication, cross-cultural differences, and issues of practical application. The research findings indicate that while politeness expressions in formal communication possess universal characteristics, they manifest in unique forms across languages and cultures. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of a comparative approach in studying formal communication in the Uzbek language.
CONTRIBUTION THE OF MIRZO ULUGH BEG TO ASTRONOMY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN SCIENCE
This article is devoted to the scientific activity of the great scholar and statesman Mirzo Ulugʻbek. It analyzes his contributions to the field of astronomy, with particular emphasis on the activities of the Samarkand Observatory and the scientific significance of his work Zij-i Sultani. Furthermore, the article provides insights into his scientific legacy and his role in the development of astronomy. In conclusion, it highlights the relevance and importance of Ulugh Beg’s scientific heritage in contemporary science.