PROGRESS AND INNOVATIONS IN LITHIUM EXTRACTION METHODS

Abstract

The rapid growth in global lithium demand, fueled by its essential role in advanced batteries and nuclear technologies, requires more efficient and sustainable extraction strategies. Lithium is commonly obtained from brines, hard rocks, and low-grade mineral resources through techniques such as precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, electrolysis, and solvent extraction. This review summarizes current extraction approaches and evaluates their effectiveness in addressing rising consumption needs. Special attention is given to adsorption systems employing lithium-selective materials, as well as membrane-based methods including nanofiltration and electrodialysis, which enable continuous and energy-saving recovery. Electrochemical technologies are also examined for their ability to support lithium intercalation processes, highlighting the importance of optimized electrode design. In addition, emerging solutions such as electrosorption and advanced pumping systems are discussed. Key operational challenges, including temperature variation, impurity interference, and feed concentration, are analyzed. The study identifies research priorities focused on cost-efficient materials and improved electrochemical recovery systems to ensure long-term, sustainable lithium production.