MOLECULAR BASIS OF TUMOR DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF GENETIC MUTATIONS AND ONCOGENES

Abstract

This article examines the molecular basis of tumor (oncological) diseases. It focuses on genetic mutations, the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, the interaction between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. The research methodology includes literature review, comparative analysis, and synthesis of scientific data. The main part discusses types of mutations, molecular mechanisms of oncogenes (point mutations, gene amplification, translocations, gene fusions), signaling pathways (RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, etc.), tumor suppressor genes (e.g., TP53, RB, BRCA) and their loss, genomic instability, examples of cancer types, and recent discoveries. The analytical section discusses “driver” and “passenger” mutations, tumor clonality, and mechanisms of rapid progression. The conclusion summarizes the role of oncogenes and mutations and offers recommendations for future directions.